Abstract
Concentrations of 22 volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) were measured at the airport apron of Taipei International Airport, Taiwan, for 48 d in July, September, October, and December of 2011. Forty-eight air samples were collected using stainless steel canisters and analyzed using gas chromatography with a flame ionization detector (GC/FID) and gas chromatography with a mass selective detector (GC/MSD). The five most abundant VOC species on all sampling days were toluene, m,p-xylene, o-xylene, i-pentane, and styrene. Total concentrations of VOCs (TVOC) were 85.38 ± 26.61, 89.70 ± 13.14, and 86.21 ± 14.51 μg/m 3 in summer, autumn, and early winter, respectively. Aromatics (36.6–41.4%) represented the largest proportion of TVOCs, followed by i-alkanes (22.9–25.5%), n-alkanes (20.3–21.8%), alkenes (11.5– 13.3%) and alkynes (3.0–4.4%). The benzene-to-toluene (B/T) ratio was used to differentiate between exhaust from aircraft ignition and that from ground vehicles at the airport apron. The absolute principal component score (APCS) receptor model was then applied to quantify the contributions of these sources of VOCs at the airport apron.
Highlights
Several empirical studies of jet-engine emissions have characterized particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), carbonyls, NOx, CO, metals, hydrocarbons (HCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the standard landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle (Chen et al, 2006; Agrawal et al, 2008; Yu et al, 2010; Kinsey et al, 2011; Mazaheri et al, 2011)
Assessment Monitoring Stations (PAMS) pollutants were identified at the airport apron
The volatile organic hydrocarbons (VOCs) levels were possible affected from airport outside road emissions when prevailing wind direction was ESE in autumn (Table 1)
Summary
Several empirical studies of jet-engine emissions have characterized particulate matter (PM), black carbon (BC), carbonyls, NOx, CO, metals, hydrocarbons (HCs), and polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs) during the standard landing and takeoff (LTO) cycle (Chen et al, 2006; Agrawal et al, 2008; Yu et al, 2010; Kinsey et al, 2011; Mazaheri et al, 2011). Determination of VOC concentrations related to aircraft activities during various engine operations have been the focus of few studies (Spicer et al, 1992, 1994). Zhu et al (2011) focused on ultrafine particles, PAHs, and VOCs (i.e., acrolein, benzene, 1,3-butadiene, and formaldehyde) in a field study near the Los Angeles International Airport, USA, to determine the influence of airport operations on local air quality. 55 VOCs were measured in exhaust at aircraft parking lots and aircraft plumes at Zurich–Kloten airport, Switzerland, to assess the influence of airport operations on local air quality (Schürmann et al., 2007); the receptor model did not quantify the source apportionment of atmospheric VOCs at the airport. Potential sources were identified using principal component analysis (PCA), and their contributions to atmospheric VOCs were quantified using the absolute principal component score (APCS)
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