Abstract
Manganites are very complex systems because of interplay among charge, spin, orbital and lattice degrees of freedom. To come closer to the understanding of its nature, we discuss its three important features: 1) correlation between magnetization and electrical resistivity in the same temperature range; 2) detection of chemical constitution and the arrangement of Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions at different hole concentrations; and 3) how electrical current flows through double exchange in manganites. The first feature will be discussed for three-dimensional manganies. The features 2 and 3 are inscrutable in three-dimensional manganites. So they will be discussed for one-dimensional manganites and then generalized. One-dimensional solid has been discussed because it may give a see-through picture of various aspects of manganites. All the discussions will be done through a representative example of La1-xCaxMnO3, because it is the intermediate bandwidth manganite; has been most widely investigated and has the highest magnetoresistance. If two things: 1) magnetization and resistivity as a function of temperature at various magnetic fields; and 2) phase diagrams of other manganites are known, their properties can be understood by the discussion of the three features mentioned above.
Highlights
IntroductionWith the help of some important experimental results given in [16,17], we have tried to understand several important features of manganites in simpler ways
Manganites (Re1-xMxMnO3), where Re = La, Y, Pr
If two things: 1) magnetization and resistivity as a function of temperature at various magnetic fields; and 2) phase diagrams of other manganites are known, their properties can be understood by the discussion of the three features mentioned above
Summary
With the help of some important experimental results given in [16,17], we have tried to understand several important features of manganites in simpler ways These features are the following: 1) to find correlation between electrical resistivity and magnetization in the same temperature range at different hole concentrations (x-values); 2) to explore chemical constitution and distribution of Mn3+ and Mn4+ ions (which mainly decide the electrical and magnetic properties of manganites) for different x-values; 3) to understand the way the electric current flows through manganites by means of DE mechanism [18]. The first important feature e.g., correlation between electrical resistivity and magnetization will be obtained with the help of the data from three-dimensional (3-D) manganites. The important thing in the problem (b) is to show how the directions of the spins of ions (if parallel to the applied magnetic field, denoted by the symbol “u” and if antiparallel, denoted by the symbol “d”) connected by SE interaction in an 1-D chain of manganite are affected when DE jump of electrons takes place from Mn3+ to Mn4+ any where in the linear chain
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