Somatic Dimensions of Substance Use and Addiction Treatment: An Embodied Gestalt Approach

Revegetation using perennial grass, such as Elymus nutans is an effective approach in abating grassland degradation on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau. However, knowledge of root dynamics along restoration chronosequences of revegetated grasslands are limited. To gain better insight into root dynamics, we used minirhizotrons to examine changes in root traits, including root standing crop, production, mortality, and turnover along a restoration chronosequence of three revegetated grasslands (cultivated in 2002, 2006, and 2010 corresponding to late, middle, and early recovery stage) in four consecutive growing seasons (2014, 2015, 2016, and 2017). We found that the aboveground plant biomass was higher in the middle recovery stage than that in the early and late recovery stages, while plant species richness showed an increasing trend from the early to late recovery stage. Similar with the plant biomass response, the belowground root standing crop and production were significantly higher in the middle recovery stage than in the early and late recovery stages. Root mortality was decreased and root turnover tend to be stable from the early to late recovery stage. Root turnover was positively correlated with soil NO3−‐N content and negatively correlated with aboveground plant biomass. Moreover, root standing crop and mortality increased from May to September across all growing seasons; however, root production decreased within this period. Our study highlighted significant links between aboveground and belowground plant parts that may help effectively manage revegetated grassland on the Qinghai‐Tibetan Plateau.

The effects of reduced glutathione (GSH) on skeletal muscle fatigue were investigated. GSH was depressed by buthionine sulfoximine (BSO) (100 mg/kg body weight/day) treatment for 5 d, which decreased GSH content to ~10%. Male Wistar rats were assigned to the control (N = 18) and BSO groups (N =17). Twelve hours after BSO treatment, the plantar flexor muscles were subjected to fatiguing stimulation (FS). Eight control and seven BSO rats were rested for 0.5 h (early stage of recovery), and the remaining were rested for 6 h (late stage of recovery). Forces were measured before FS and after rest, and physiological functions were estimated using mechanically skinned fibers. The force at 40 Hz decreased to a similar extent in both groups in the early stage of recovery and was restored in the control but not in the BSO group in the late stage of recovery. In the early stage of recovery, sarcoplasmic reticulum (SR) Ca2+ release was decreased in the control greater than in the BSO group, whereas myofibrillar Ca2+ sensitivity was increased in the control but not in the BSO group. In the late stage of recovery, SR Ca2+ release decreased and SR Ca2+ leakage increased in the BSO group but not in the control group. These results indicate that GSH depression alters the cellular mechanism of muscle fatigue in the early stage and delays force recovery in the late stage of recovery, due at least in part, to the prolonged Ca2+ leakage from the SR.

In this study, we used a high-throughput sequencing technology to survey the dry-wet seasonal change characteristics of soil ammonia-oxidizing bacteria (AOB) communities in the three restoration stages [i.e., Mallotus paniculatus community (early stage), Millettia leptobotrya community (middle stage), and Syzygium oblatum community (later stage)] of Xishuangbanna tropical forest ecosystems. We analyzed the effects of soil physicochemical characteristics on AOB community composition and diversity during tropical forest restoration. The results showed that tropical forest restoration significantly affected the relative abundance of dominant AOB phyla and their dry-wet seasonal variation. The maximum relative abundance of Proteobacteria (71.3%) was found in the early recovery stage, while that of Actinobacteria was found in the late recovery stage (1.0%). The abundances of Proteobacteria and Actinobacteria had the maximum ranges of dry-wet seasonal variation in the early and late stages, respectively. The abundance of dominant AOB genera and its dry-wet seasonal variation varied across tropical forest restoration stages. The maximum average relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas in the late recovery stage was 66.2% and 1.5%, respectively. In contrast, the abundance of Nitrosovibrio reached its maximum (25.6%) in the early recovery stage. The maximum dry-wet seasonal variation in relative abundance of Nitrosospira and Nitrosomonas occurred in the early recovery stage, while that of Nitrosovibrio occurred in the middle recovery stage. The Chao1, Shannon, and Simpson diversity indices of AOB communities increased along the restoration stages, which were significantly higher in the wet season than in the dry season. The results of canonical correspondence analysis showed that soil easily oxidized carbon was the main factor controlling AOB community diversity and Actinobacteria abundance. Soil bulk density and temperature were the main factors affecting Proteobacteria abundance. Soil pH, microbial biomass carbon, water content, ammonium nitrogen, bulk density, and temperature were the main factors controlling the abundances of Nitrosospira, Nitrosomonas, and Nitrosovibrio. Therefore, tropical forest restoration can regulate the change of relative abundance of dominant AOB taxa via mediating the changes of soil temperature, bulk density, and readily oxidized carbon, leading to an increase in soil AOB community diversity.

1.108 Assessment and Treatment of Adolescents With Substance Use and Comorbid Depression, ADHD, and Trauma-Related Problems

This study examined interventions for substance use disorders within the Department of Veterans Affairs (VA) psychiatric and primary care settings. National random samples of 83 VA psychiatry program directors and 102 primary care practitioners were surveyed by telephone. The survey assessed screening practices to detect substance use disorders, protocols for treating patients with substance use disorders, and available treatments for substance use disorders. Respondents reported extensive contact with patients with substance use problems. However, a majority reported being ill equipped to treat substance use disorders themselves; they usually referred such patients to specialty substance use disorder treatment programs. Offering fewer specialty substance use disorder services within the VA may be problematic: providers can refer patients to specialty programs only if such programs exist. Caring for veterans with substance use disorders may require increasing the capacity of and establishing new specialty programs or expanding the ability of psychiatric programs and primary care practitioners to provide such care.

Despite signs of facial nerve recovery within a few months following face transplantation, speech deficits persist for years. Behavioral speech modifications (e.g., slower-than-normal speaking rate and increased loudness) have shown promising potential to enhance speech intelligibility in populations with dysarthric speech. However, such evidence-based practice approach is lacking in clinical management of speech in individuals with facial transplantation. Because facial transplantation involves complex craniofacial reconstruction and facial nerve coaptation, it is unknown to what extent individuals with face transplant are capable of adapting their motor system to task-specific articulatory demands. The purpose of this study was to identify the underlying articulatory mechanisms employed by individuals with face transplantation in response to speech modification cues at early and late stages of neuromotor recovery. In addition, we aimed to identify speech modifications that conferred improved speech clarity. Participants were seven individuals who underwent full or partial facial vascularized composite allografts that included lips and muscles of facial animation and were in early (~2 months) or late (~42 months) stages of recovery. Participants produced repetitions of the sentence “Buy Bobby a puppy” in normal, fast, loud, and slow speech modifications. Articulatory movement traces were recorded using a 3D optical motion capture system. Kinematic measures of average speed (mm/s) and range of movement (mm3) were extracted from the lower lip (± jaw) marker. Two speech language pathologists rated speech clarity for each speaker using a visual analog scale (VAS) approach. Results demonstrated that facial motor capacity increased from early to late stages of recovery. While individuals in the early group exhibited restricted capabilities to adjust their motor system based on the articulatory demands of each speech modification, individuals in the late group demonstrated faster speed and larger-than-normal range of movement for loud speech, and slower speed and larger-than-normal range of movement for slow speech. In addition, subjects in both groups showed overreliance on jaw rather than lip articulatory function across all speech modifications, perhaps as a compensatory strategy to optimize articulatory stability and maximize speech function. Finally, improved speech clarity was associated with loud speech in both stages of recovery.

The relationships among species diversity, functional diversity, functional redundancy, and community stability are central to community and ecosystem ecology. In this paper, a “space substitution for time” approach is used to study the plant communities at different stages of the natural recovery process of degraded karst vegetation on the karst plateau of Guizhou. These restoration stages include the herbaceous stage, herbaceous and shrub transition stage, shrub stage, tree and shrub transition stage, and tree stage. We calculated the functional diversity and functional redundancy of the community based on functional characteristics and mediated the relationship between functional diversity, functional redundancy, and stability of the plant community through changes in functional diversity and functional redundancy. This study aims to reveal the mechanisms of changes in species diversity and community stability and thus further reveals the intrinsic reasons for maintaining the stability of karst plant communities. The most important results include the following: (1) Species diversity, functional redundancy, and stability gradually increased with restoration, and there were significant differences among the different stages; functional diversity increased at first and then decreased, and reached the highest level at the tree and shrub transition stage; (2) Plant height and specific leaf area were functional traits that influenced the diversity and stability of the plant community, with plant height being positively correlated with plant community diversity and stability, and specific leaf area being negatively correlated with plant community diversity and stability; (3) During the community's recovery, functional diversity and functional redundancy interacted to maintain stability. In the early and late stages of recovery, the effect of functional redundancy on stability was greater than that of functional diversity, but it was the opposite in the middle stages; (4) The tree and shrub transition stage is the likely point at which the functional diversity of plant communities in karst areas reaches saturation, and the growth rate of functional redundancy after functional diversity saturation is greater than that before saturation. Overall, community stability increased with species diversity; habitat heterogeneity increased functional diversity in the early stages of recovery; and habitat homogeneity increased functional redundancy.

Background: Understanding the complexities of establishing and sustaining recovery from substance addiction and the dynamic individual processes that occur will assist addiction treatment professionals in fostering sustained recovery behavior in clients. With the estimated 22 million individuals in recovery from addiction in the United States, this exploration is timely and extends our understanding of recovery. Objectives: The objective of the study was to answer the research question: “What do individuals in recovery identify as their primary needs throughout the process of recovery from substance use?” Results: 403 adults in early, middle and late stages of recovery from drugs or alcohol and were asked to write in-depth responses to questions about factors leading to their recovery. Content analysis revealed several major themes: a) relationships, b) recovery community, c) thriving, d) goal-focused, e) people, places, and things, f) recovery tools, g) professional support, h) rock bottom, and i) abstinence. Chi-square analyses indicated that the recovery stage is significantly associated with what participants reported they believe they need to sustain recovery. Radial charts depict recovery community is a more reported needed factor for participants in long-term recovery than in early recovery. Conclusions: The results of this study highlight differences in the experiences of those in early recovery and those in late recovery. This demonstrates the dynamic nature of the recovery process and informs addiction treatment professionals of the multidimensional nature of recovery.

Effect of intermittent hypoxia and exercise on blood rheology and oxygen transport in trained rats

An exploration of thriving over time in recovery

Background and Objectives: All socio-cultural and economic domains are affected by substance use disorders and addiction to drugs. Most people still view addiction as merely a matter of willpower, and there is a dearth of awareness and among the populace. There is still a need to develop more effective and patient-centered solutions for the treatment of substance addiction, even if the therapy of individuals with SUD varies depending on the country. This review article compares drug addiction treatment methods used in India and other developing/developed nations. Method: We looked for articles published on the strategies for treating substance use disorder in PubMed, Embase, ProQuest databases, and Google Scholar. We also included quantitative studies of patients receiving de-addiction therapy from community hospitals through different journals. Results: A total of 44 articles are identified of which 36 were full-text reviews, 6 case studies were included and 2 were editorial letters. In which about 23 were on drug addiction epidemiology and treatment strategies in India and 21included treatment strategies of developed countries. In 2020, there are estimated to be 79.08 million instances of substance use disorder in India, with a total recovery rate in that country of 6.9 percent, and 19.7 million cases in the USA, with a recovery rate of roughly 9.1 percent. Conclusion and Interpretation: According to a thorough analysis, developed nations have substantially higher rates of drug addiction recovery than India does. The alleged causes include a lack of medical facilities, effective treatment protocols, general attitudes regarding drug addiction, and terms used to manage treatment that have an impact on patients' recovery. By implementing more effective and patient-centered programs, addiction treatment tactics and protocols may be improved.

To examine invertebrate community recovery after the 2010 Deepwater Horizon oil spill, we monitored the recovery of macroinfauna in replicated reference, moderately and heavily oiled salt marshes in Barataria Bay Louisiana for 8.5 years after the spill. Plants suffered near 100% mortality in heavily oiled marshes, profoundly altering the sedimentary environment. Plants in moderately oiled marshes did not suffer extensive mortality but experienced reduced above- and belowground plant biomass. A community analysis based on 40 macroinfaunal taxa was conducted during early (2011–2012), middle (2013–2017), and late (2017–2018) stages of recovery. The early stage was marked by very low taxonomic diversity (< 1–4 taxa per sample) and low total macroinfaunal abundance (0– < 8000 m−2) across all marshes, while the middle stage was denoted by relatively high diversity (7–8 taxa per sample) and very high abundances in heavily oiled marshes where densities exceeded reference and regional means by factors of 4–5. The community in the heavily oiled marshes diverged from reference and moderately oiled marshes during the middle recovery period when the crustaceans Apocorophium louisianum and Leptochelia rapax, the polychaete Alitta succinea, and oligochaetes dramatically increased in abundance, while at the same time, abundance increases of the polychaetes Manayunkia aestuarina, Streblospio gynobrachiata, and Capitellidae sp. lagged behind increasing trends at reference and moderately oiled sites. Macroinfaunal community similarity in moderately oiled marshes differed from reference and heavily oiled marshes in the middle recovery stage but did not differ from reference sites the during late recovery stage. Heavily oiled community similarity not only differed from moderately oiled and reference marshes in all three recovery stages but remained different from reference sites on the last collection date. These observations indicate that moderately oiled marshes recovered by about 8 years, but that heavily oiled marshes will likely require more than a decade to reach equivalency with reference sites.

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Substance use referral, treatment utilization, and patient costs associated with problematic substance use in people living with HIV in Cape Town, South Africa

Substance use (SU) contributes to poor outcomes among persons living with HIV. Women living with HIV (WWH) in the United States are disproportionately affected in the South, and examining SU patterns, treatment, and HIV outcomes in this population is integral to addressing HIV and SU disparities. WWH and comparable women without HIV (WWOH) who enrolled 2013-2015 in the Women's Interagency HIV Study Southern sites (Atlanta, Birmingham/Jackson, Chapel Hill, and Miami) and reported SU (self-reported nonmedical use of drugs) in the past year were included. SU and treatment were described annually from enrollment to the end of follow-up. HIV outcomes were compared by SU treatment engagement. At enrollment, among 840 women (608 WWH, 232 WWOH), 18% (n = 155) reported SU in the past year (16% WWH, 24% WWOH); 25% (n = 38) of whom reported SU treatment. Over time, 30%, 21%, and 18% reported SU treatment at 1, 2, and 3 years, respectively, which did not significantly differ by HIV status. Retention in HIV care did not differ by SU treatment. Viral suppression was significantly higher in women who reported SU treatment only at enrollment ( P = 0.03). We identified a substantial gap in SU treatment engagement, with only a quarter reporting treatment utilization, which persisted over time. SU treatment engagement was associated with viral suppression at enrollment but not at other time points or with retention in HIV care. These findings can identify gaps and guide future strategies for integrating HIV and SU care for WWH.