Abstract
Plants generally exhibit cytogenetic and genetic variations that are helpful to plant breeders for crop improvement. When such variants arise through the cell and tissue culture process, using any plant portion as an explant material, these are termed ‘somaclonal variations’ (SV). Variants obtained using callus cultures are referred to as ‘calliclones’, while variants obtained using protoplast cultures are known as ‘protoclones’. On the other hand, ‘gametoclonal variation’ refers to variations arising in cell cultures of gametic origin, as in pollen and microspore cultures, to distinguish them from somatic cell-derived regenerants. Somaclonal variation is a double-edged sword whereby its presence in micropropagation programmes is inimical, while it can be gainfully exploited to create stable variations, e.g. disease resistance, where other methods fail or are cumbersome.
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