Soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor as a prognostic marker of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a black population

Abstract

BackgroundElevated inflammatory markers such as C-reactive protein (CRP) and interleukin-6 (IL-6) are well-known risk factors for cardiovascular mortality. The less familiar marker, soluble urokinase plasminogen activator receptor (suPAR), is known to predict cancer, infections and all-cause mortality. We determined whether suPAR, CRP and IL-6 are predictive of both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a black population, highly burdened by cardiovascular disease and HIV infection. MethodsWe included 1425 black South Africans, of which 208 died within five years after baseline data collection. EDTA plasma biomarker levels were determined, while all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were used as endpoints. ResultsAt baseline suPAR, CRP and IL-6 were higher in non-survivors than in survivors (P<0.001). SuPAR (HR 1.27, 95% CI 1.09–1.48), IL-6 (HR 1.49, 95% CI 1.24–1.78) and CRP (HR 1.39, 95% CI 1.17–1.65) predicted all-cause mortality, while only suPAR (HR 1.40, 95% CI 1.04–1.87) and IL-6 (HR 1.61, 95% CI 1.10–2.35) predicted cardiovascular mortality. The prognostic value of suPAR was independent of IL-6 and CRP (P≤0.015). ConclusionSuPAR predicted both all-cause and cardiovascular mortality, independent of traditional risk factors, HIV and other inflammatory markers, underlining the prognostic value of suPAR in a black population.