Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Drug Delivery: Pharmacological and Biopharmaceutical Aspects.

Formulation of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLN): The value of different alkyl polyglucoside surfactants

Topical therapy is the first choice for the treatment of mild to moderate acne and all-trans retinoic acid is one of the most used drugs. The combination of retinoids and antimicrobials is an innovative approach for acne therapy. Recently, lauric acid, a saturated fatty acid, has shown strong antimicrobial activity against Propionibacterium acnes. However, topical application of retinoic acid is followed by high incidence of side-effects, including erythema and irritation. Solid lipid nanoparticles represent an alternative to overcome these side-effects. This work aims to develop solid lipid nanoparticles loaded with retinoic acid and lauric acid and evaluate their antibacterial activity. The influence of lipophilic stearylamine on the characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles was investigated. Solid lipid nanoparticles were characterized for size, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, differential scanning calorimetry and X-ray diffraction. The in vitro inhibitory activity of retinoic acid-lauric acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles was evaluated against Propionibacterium acnes, Staphylococcus aureus and Staphylococcus epidermidis. High encapsulation efficiency was obtained at initial time (94 ± 7% and 100 ± 4% for retinoic acid and lauric acid, respectively) and it was demonstrated that lauric acid-loaded-solid lipid nanoparticles provided the incorporation of retinoic acid. However, the presence of stearylamine is necessary to ensure stability of encapsulation. Moreover, retinoic acid-lauric acid-loaded solid lipid nanoparticles showed growth inhibitory activity against Staphylococcus epidermidis, Propionibacterium acnes and Staphylococcus aureus, representing an interesting alternative for the topical therapy of acne vulgaris.

Novel drug delivery systems have gained popularity since last two decades because of its advantages over conventional dosage forms. Effect of UV radiation on skin can cause either acute or chronic damage to our skin. Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) were developed as novel carrier over the conventional carrier systems like liposomes and emulsions. The SLNs were selected as a carrier for the formulation because of its ability to protect the labile drug particles, the ability to make the drug release in a controlled manner, and occlusive property of the SLNs. The current review is an attempt to focus on the characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles, methods for the preparations, and their cosmetic applications along with some future perspectives of the nanodrug delivery systems. A review of the current literature of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) as novel carrier showed better photoprotection in sunscreens. The disadvantages of conventional sunscreens can be overcome by incorporation of solid lipid nanoparticles. On comparing the lipid nanobased systems with traditional cosmetic products, the occlusion can be achieved without the use of paraffin and other greasy oils. The film formed by lipid nanoparticles will be smooth as compared to the inflexible films formed by the paraffin. Newer approaches may lead to even better results. They also possess excellent UV-blocking activity and showed better photoprotection.

Effect of lipid core material on characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles designed for oral lymphatic delivery

The production and characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs)

Lipid nanoparticles (LNp) have emerged as promising delivery systems for bioactive compounds in food matrices and beverages due to their ability to enhance protection, stability, and controlled release. These nanocarriers address major challenges in food fortification, including environmental sensitivity, low solubility, volatility, and limited bioavailability of functional ingredients. Thus, this review aims to evaluate important findings on the incorporation of LNp loaded with diverse compounds into foods matrices. A bibliographic search was conducted in scientific databases, and only studies that incorporated LNp into foods and beverages, either by direct addition or as food coatings, were selected. Both types of LNp, solid lipid nanoparticles and nanostructured lipid carriers, are attractive for food applications, with properties primarily determined by composition and processing parameters. LNp containing various bioactive compounds have been incorporated into beverages and food matrices, including dairy products, fruit and vegetable coatings, oils and emulsions, meat products, and baked products. These systems have been evaluated from six main perspectives: LNp stability, product stability, sensory analyses, and antioxidant, antimicrobial, and cytotoxic activities. Patent analyses also indicate growing industrial interest, particularly in beverages. Therefore, the potential of LNp as carriers of bioactive compounds is well demonstrated, especially for protecting compounds during processing and storage while preserving food and beverage quality. Nevertheless, further research is required to optimize formulations for food incorporation, evaluate efficacy and safety, and support regulatory frameworks for broader use in functional food systems.

Interfacial and colloidal characterization of oil-in-water emulsions stabilized by interface-tunable solid lipid nanoparticles

Chapter Six - Solid Lipid Nanoparticle Formulations: Pharmacokinetic and Biopharmaceutical Aspects in Drug Delivery

Development of solid dispersion lipid nanoparticles for improving skin delivery

Lipid nanoparticles (LNs) are colloidal particles having a biocompatible lipid matrix and nanoparticle (NP) sizes between 100 nm and 400 nm. They are called "nanosafe" carriers and show outstanding tolerability. Solid lipid nanoparticles use lipid as the skeleton material which has a high melting point. SLNs have the characteristics of high physical stability, relatively less drug leakage and good slow release, low toxicity and easy to mass production. The structure of the solid particle matrix allows solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) to be distinguished from nanostructured lipid carriers (NLCs). NLC is prepared by mixing liquid lipids and solid lipids. NLC improves the solubility of the active substance, improves the release ability of the substance, and also prolongs the storage life of the active substance in the carrier. Plenty of characteristics for skin application of pharmaceuticals and cosmetics are displayed by SLNs and NLC, such as drug targeting, regulated release of active ingredients, occlusion properties, and related enhancements to penetration and skin hydration. This review focuses on the characteristic of SLNs and NLCS, analyzing their advantages and disadvantages and lipid nanoparticles application in cosmetics are described in detail.

The introduction of solid Lipid Nanoparticles (SLN) for the first time in late 1991 to be a substitute transporter system to what known old colloidal carriers, like emulsions, liposomes, and polymeric micro- and nanoparticles. SLN has merits and potentialities of Classical structures except avoiding some of their common and known disadvantages. This paper reviews SLN production techniques, The integration of drugs, the capacity to load and the release of drugs, with particular emphasis on drug discharge techniques. Issues relating to the introduction of the SLN into the pharmaceutical industry, like the excipients position. From the very beginning a special and wide interest paid to Lipid nanoparticles (LNPs) during the last decade. Nanostructured lipid transporters strong lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) become the most two essential forms of nanoparticles formed from lipids. SLNs were designed to be able to overcome certain restrictions types of colloidal vectors, like liposomes, emulsions, and polymeric nanoparticles as they possess bright sides like strong discharge profile and guided distribution of drugs with the most perfect physical health. NLCs will amend the SLNs in the next generation of lipid nanoparticles in a way that enhances stability, safety and capacity loading. This paper focuses on methods to reduce toxic effects using advanced production techniques such as homogenization and solvent evaporation. As it facilitates way for the solid lipid nanoparticles approval as novel or targeted medication distribution system by using several recent analytical techniques like electron microscopy and dynamic light scattering (DLS), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), nuclear magnetic resonance, atomic force microscopy and their evaluation parameters concurrent with the application. Conclusion • Solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) represent a transport system alternative to conventional colloidal carriers. • SLNs combine the advantages of traditional and modern systems if some of their major difficult proceedings are eliminated. • SLN production techniques include drug incorporation, drug loading and release capacity, with a special focus on drug release methods. • SLNs as novel system and targeted drugs delivery method through using recent techniques.

As the physicochemical characteristics of solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) play a critical role in their success, it is important to understand how the materials and process used in their preparation affect these properties. In this study, two stearyl alcohol-based formulations were prepared using nanotemplate engineering technology and characterized. Both formulations were of a small particle size (<100 nm), ellipsoidal shape, and low polydispersity. (1)H NMR spectroscopy confirmed that the SLNs have the expected solid core structure and PEGylated surface. Analysis of the bulk materials indicated that a number of complex interactions are present among the SLN components, including a eutectic between stearyl alcohol and Brij 78. The decreased crystallinity resulting from these interactions may allow for enhanced drug loading. Physiological stability was identified and confirmed as a potential problem due to the low melting point of the eutectic. However, it is expected that with appropriate formulation modifications nanotemplate engineered SLNs will possess the properties necessary for a successful drug delivery system.

Over the past decade, there has been a lot of research on solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs), also known as lipid carriers. As a new lipid-based drug delivery technology for the topical applications of numerous medicinal drugs, solid lipid nanoparticles (SLNs) have demonstrated promise. SLNs have undergone considerable research on every continent and have become effective nano-sized medication carriers. There is no doubt that nano-formulations are extremely valuable tools for drug delivery applications; the current challenge is how to optimize them to ensure that they are safe, effective and scalable, so that they can be manufactured at an industrial level and advance to clinical use. In this context, lipid nanoparticles have gained ground, since they are generally regarded as non-toxic, biocompatible and easy-to-produce formulations. However, the processes governing SLN cellular uptake and absorption by topical application, as well as the mechanism of SLN drug release, are still unclear and need further research. To make SLNs easier to apply and to improve cutaneous and transdermal administration, it is also crucial to choose the right dose form and formulation base. Additional difficulties that could prevent the clinical translation of SLNs include scaling up and regulatory authorization. Therefore, the main focus of this research is on the various pathways that SLNs use to enter cells and penetrate skin. The physicochemical characteristics of SLNs are then thoroughly discussed, including numerous formulation and dosage form parameters that may affect SLN absorption via the skin. The translational status in relation to scale-up and regulatory issues are also covered in the discussion. Researchers interested in topical uses of SLNs for the effective delivery of medications and cosmetics will find this review to be helpful.

Preparation and Characterization of Rizatriptan Benzoate Loaded Solid Lipid Nanoparticles for Brain Targeting

Physicochemical and biopharmaceutical aspects influencing skin permeation and role of SLN and NLC for skin drug delivery