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Abstract
Wireless sensor networks (WSNs) suffer not only from short lifetimes because of limited energy but also from an energy imbalance between the nodes close to the sink and the other nodes. To fundamentally resolve the issue of short lifetimes, recent studies have utilized environmental energy, such as solar power. Additionally, WSNs that employ energy-aware dynamic topology control are also being studied to address the energy imbalance. This paper proposes an improved collection tree protocol (CTP) scheme, called solar-CTP, that uses the two approaches of energy-harvesting and energy-aware topology control simultaneously. The proposed scheme is derived from the CTP scheme, which is a widely adopted data collection strategy designed for typical battery-based WSNs with a fixed sink. We tailor the CTP scheme for solar-powered WSNs operating with a mobile sink. Performance verification confirms that our scheme significantly reduces the number of blackout nodes compared to other CTP variants, thus increasing the amount of data collected by the sink.
Highlights
A wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed sensors for monitoring the physical conditions of the environment and gathering sensory data at a central location called the sink node
SOLAR-collection tree protocol (CTP) OVERVIEW This section describes the proposed solar-CTP that is tailored for WSNs consisting of a mobile sink node and solar energy-harvesting nodes
Considering that the utility of a WSN is measured by the total amount of data collected and by the spatial coverage, these results indicate that solar-CTP successfully maximized the coverage and the utility of the network by adjusting the transmission control rate γ according to energy availability
Summary
A wireless sensor network (WSN) refers to a group of spatially dispersed sensors for monitoring the physical conditions of the environment and gathering sensory data at a central location called the sink node. There is a drawback that a child node cannot quickly notice that the ETX of its parent node has increased This may lead to a routing loop, which delays the time that data arrive at the sink and accelerates energy consumption in the neighboring nodes. SOLAR-CTP OVERVIEW This section describes the proposed solar-CTP that is tailored for WSNs consisting of a mobile sink node and solar energy-harvesting nodes Each node in this scheme determines its operation mode according to its energy status estimated based on the expected rates of energy harvest and consumption [20]. In reality, frequent retransmission occurs due to various interference sources present in WSNs. the data transmission energy consumption considering the link quality is more accurately calculated by considering the ETX value, linkETX (i,parent)
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