Socioeconomic Differences in the Use of Self-Regulated Learning Strategies: A Population Study

This study was to examine the individual differences in primary school students’ motivation (i.e. growth mindset, self-efficacy, and interest), self-regulated learning strategy use in English writing and the relationships between motivation, strategy use and English writing competence. Participants were 523 4th grade primary school students in Hong Kong. Although the findings showed a general pattern that the high achievers reported higher levels of motivation (i.e. growth mindset, self-efficacy, and interest) and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategy use than the average achievers, who in turn outperformed the low achievers, all the students showed quite a low level of interest in English writing. Interestingly, motivation impacted SRL strategy use very differently for students of different writing competence groups on the whole. Three-group Structural Equation Modelling (SEM) suggested that growth mindset had the strongest and most significant correlations with all students’ use of SRL strategies. However, interest and self-efficacy had different relationship patterns with SRL strategy use among the high, average and low achievers. Interest had no significant relations with the high achievers’ SRL strategy use, while self-efficacy had no significant relations with the low achievers’ SRL strategy use. Implications for English teachers to improve differentiated instruction are discussed.

This study examines the relationships between self-efficacy, task value, and the use of self-regulated learning strategies by massive open online course (MOOC) learners from a social cognitive perspective. A total of 184 participants who enrolled in two MOOCs completed surveys. The results of Pearson’s correlation analysis show a positive correlation between self-efficacy and the use of self-regulated learning strategies, as well as a positive correlation between task value and the use of self-regulated learning strategies. The results of hierarchical multiple regression analysis show that self-efficacy and task value are significant predictors of the use of self-regulated learning strategies. There was a statistically significant difference in the use of self-regulated learning strategies between learners who possessed high self-efficacy and those who possessed low self-efficacy. In addition, learners who had high task value showed statistically significant higher average self-regulated learning scores than those who had low task value. Implications and future research directions are discussed based on the findings.

A study of self-regulated learning strategies as predictors of critical reading

This study aimed to understand the relations between English as a foreign language (EFL) students’ classroom relationships, emotions, and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategy use. Data was collected via a questionnaire completed by 436 4-5th graders in Mainland China. Results of structural equation modelling (SEM) revealed that both teacher-student relationships and peer relationships contributed to students’ SRL strategy use. In addition, some of these associations were fully mediated by emotions, and some were not. Specifically, both teacher-student relationships and peer relationships were related to students’ emotions (i.e., enjoyment, hope, boredom, empathy, and gratitude) and in turn contributed to their use of SRL strategies (i.e., using prior knowledge and monitoring). However, both teacher-student relationships and peer relationships were directly related to students’ use of SRL strategies (i.e., contextual regulation and evaluation), without the mediation of emotions. Although it was found that the predictive power of teacher-student relationships was more substantial than peer relationships in emotions and SRL strategy use, both types of classroom relationships demonstrated unique and significant functions. Implications for constructing a caring and supportive classroom culture and enhancing EFL students' SRL strategy use are discussed.

This study investigated the extent to which self-report and digital-trace measures of students’ self-regulated learning in blended course designs align with each other amongst 145 first-year computer science students in a blended “computer systems” course. A self-reported Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire was used to measure students’ self-efficacy, intrinsic motivation, test anxiety, and use of self-regulated learning strategies. Frequencies of interactions with six different online learning activities were digital-trace measures of students’ online learning interactions. Students’ course marks were used to represent their academic performance. SPSS 28 was used to analyse the data. A hierarchical cluster analysis using self-reported measures categorized students as better or poorer self-regulated learners; whereas a hierarchical cluster analysis using digital-trace measures clustered students as more active or less active online learners. One-way ANOVAs showed that: 1) better self-regulated learners had higher frequencies of interactions with three out of six online learning activities than poorer self-regulated learners. 2) More active online learners reported higher self-efficacy, higher intrinsic motivation, and more frequent use of positive self-regulated learning strategies, than less active online learners. Furthermore, a cross-tabulation showed significant (p < .01) but weak association between student clusters identified by self-reported and digital-trace measures, demonstrating self-reported and digital-trace descriptions of students’ self-regulated learning experiences were consistent to a limited extent. To help poorer self-regulated learners improve their learning experiences in blended course designs, teachers may invite better self-regulated learners to share how they approach learning in class.

The primary purpose of this chapter is to present techniques and strategies that can be incorporated in online courses to promote students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies. In addition, the authors discuss why self-regulated learning skills are particularly critical in online learning environments, present a model of self-regulated learning, discuss issues related to measuring self-regulated learning, address the issue of whether or not self-regulated learning can be taught, and discuss why online learning environments are ideal environments to scaffold self-regulation. The authors present several strategies and techniques they have found successful for promoting self-regulated learning that can be readily incorporated and implemented in online courses. These strategies are organized by the three main components of the Self-Regulated Learning Model: Executive Processing, Cognitive Processing, and Motivation. The chapter concludes with a scenario that represents an idealized model of how to promote self-regulated learning in an online learning environment by employing an intelligent tutoring component as a tool to support students’ use and development of self-regulated learning tactics and strategies.

Gender differences in the relations between EFL students' classroom relationships and English language proficiency: The mediating role of self-regulated learning strategy use

The purpose of this study was to explore the effects of embedded strategies on promoting the use of self-regulated learning strategies (SRLS) in an online learning environment. Cognitive strategies, performance control strategies, and self-efficacy strategies among SRLS were employed as embedded strategies into online learning. Thirty-four college students participated in the study. They were taught in online settings for 16 hours over 8 weeks. With two hours per week, one hour was assigned to learning contents, and the other for group discussions with four or five members in each group. SRLS questionnaires were administered before and after online learning. Results revealed that students' use of cognitive strategies and performance control strategies have been improved during online learning, but their use of self-efficacy strategies have not. Findings from this study provide important suggestions for design and development of learning environments to promote the use or acquisition of students' self-regulated learning strategies.

Can the use of cognitive and metacognitive self-regulated learning strategies be predicted by learners’ levels of prior knowledge in hypermedia-learning environments?

Influences of process-based instruction on students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies in EFL writing

The aim of the study was to find out if there was any relationship between academic performance and use of self-regulated learning strategies. Fourteen categories of self-regulated learning strategies were identified from 148 students’ responses to a modified Self Regulated Learning Interview Schedule (SRLIS). Three measures: total strategy use, total strategy frequency, and total strategy consistency were used to measure students reported use of self-regulated learning strategies. The scores of these three measures were related to students’ performance in midyear examinations in English and Mathematics. The results showed that all measures of use of strategies were significantly and positively related to performance. There were no significant sex differences in the use of individual strategies. Other results are discussed in the paper.

The current study investigated the role of classroom relationships in both academic and social achievement goals and self-regulated learning (SRL) strategy use with 423 4th graders in Hong Kong. The findings of structural equation modelling (SEM) with cluster-robust standard errors revealed that teacher-student relationships predicted all types of academic and social achievement goals, while peer relationships demonstrated stronger effects on social achievement goals. Further, different types of achievement goals, namely, academic mastery, academic performance-avoidance, social performance-approach, and social performance-avoidance goals were associated with use of a range of SRL strategies. Moreover, the mediation effect of academic mastery goals was identified between teacher-student relationships and SRL strategy use. The intertwined nature of social and academic lives, as well as the multiple pathways relating classroom relationships to achievement goals and SRL strategy use in the EFL context are discussed.

The purpose of this study was to investigate whether using self-regulated learning strategies could promote college students' learning and satisfaction in Physical Education. A quasi-experimental design, experimental group (N =49) and control group (N=51), was used to examine the effectiveness of a teaching intervention in achieving the goals of learning and satisfaction. Students undertaking the self-regulated learning intervention were compared with a group participating in standard curriculum instructional conditions. Three questionnaires were administered to identify 1) students' entry characteristics, 2) their perceptions of their learning experiences, and 3) satisfaction. Students completed a students' characteristics questionnaire in week 2. During the module, students responded to a learning experience questionnaire. At the conclusion of the module, students completed a tennis skills test and responded to a satisfaction questionnaire. The conceptual framework for this study included the independent variables of teaching strategy, mediating variables (students' characteristics), and dependent variables (satisfaction and performance). The experimental study was conducted within this framework by use of an ANCOVA design. The main results were: 1. The experimental group scored significantly higher on measures reflecting self regulated learning processes in their learning experience than the control group (p=0.000).2. There was no difference between the groups on scores for global satisfaction (p=0.059).3. There was no difference between the groups on satisfaction through valuing (p=0.401). 4. The experimental group demonstrated significantly higher students' satisfaction through enjoyment than the control group (p=0.013).5. The experimental group had significantly higher performance in the tennis skills test than the control group (p=0.000). Several effects of self-regulated learning were indicated in this study.;Analysis of the monitoring sheets provided evidence that students gained more interest and confidence in their involvement in the tennis class by the use of self-regulated learning strategies. However, it was expected that the self-regulated learning group would experience the greater satisfaction. As this did not occur, more research is needed to further examine the relationship of learning experiences to satisfaction and particularly the dimension of valuing. The importance of utilizing a conceptual framework that accounted for differences in student entry characteristics in a teaching intervention of this nature was demonstrated by the ANCOVA analysis. The individual factors of managing environmental change, problem solving, ability attributions, and task orientation were all shown to have some significant effects on student outcomes over and above those attributed to the learning experience. Finally, some interesting findings concerning the composition of the scales used in the study were reported. They were interpreted as providing evidence for the importance of verifying the cultural appropriateness of even well-known theoretical concepts that may have been developed in different contexts to those in which they are being used. The study concludes with some specific recommendations for future research.

Objective: The present study examined the relation between self-regulated learning (SRL) strategies and ADHD and sluggish cognitive tempo (SCT) symptomatology. Method: Participants were 303 college students, aged 18 to 25 (M = 20.04, SD = 1.45), from a Midwestern university who completed the Barkley Adult ADHD Rating Scale-IV (BAARS-IV), and a shortened, generalized version of the Motivated Strategies for Learning Questionnaire (MSLQ). Results: Among college students, inattention symptomatology was consistently predictive of deficits in use of value, expectancy, and self-regulation strategies, while SCT symptomatology was only predictive of deficits in the use of self-regulation strategies. Conclusion: This study is the first to examine the relation between SCT symptomatology and SRL strategy use in college students. The findings revealed that SRL strategy use differs between college students exhibiting ADHD or SCT symptomatology. Remediation focusing on these deficits would likely increase academic achievement. Clinical implications, limitations, and suggestions for future research are discussed.

The research set out to investigate Saudi Arabian graduate students’ levels of anxiety related to statistics and their use of self-regulated learning strategies. Research tools were created, such as a measure for measuring statistics anxiety and a measure for measuring the usage of self-regulated learning strategies, in order to meet the research objectives. Sixty-six master’s students from Imam Abdulrahman Bin Faisal University’s College of Education received these instruments. The findings showed that participants’ levels of anxiety related to statistics were moderate, and their use of self-regulated learning strategies was quite high. The results additionally demonstrated an inverse correlation between graduate students’ use of self-regulated learning strategies and statistics anxiety. Regression analysis revealed that self-regulated learning strategies significantly predicted levels of statistics anxiety. This suggests that enhancing self-regulated learning strategies could potentially mitigate statistics anxiety among graduate students. The research recommends the development of a comprehensive guide for self-regulated learning strategies for master’s students, including multiple examples for each strategy, the creation of training programs to enhance self-regulated learning strategies, and raising awareness about statistics anxiety among graduate students.