Socio-economic return analysis of apple farming in Mustang district of Nepal

Gender Differences in the Annual Income of Psychiatrists

Female physicians have traditionally earned less than their male counterparts, even after adjustment for specialty, workload, and physician characteristics. In the 1980s female psychiatrists earned incomes that were 13% lower than those of their male counterparts; however, important explanatory variables for such differences were not incorporated into that analysis. This study examined whether a gender income gap among psychiatrists persisted in the 1990s. Survey responses were used that were obtained between 1992 and 2001 from 976 actively practicing white psychiatrists (weighted N=941). Because of low numbers of black respondents to the surveys, we were unable to examine the influence of race on psychiatrists' incomes. Linear regression modeling was performed to determine the association between gender and annual incomes after controlling for workload, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics. Among white psychiatrists, women reported working 13% fewer annual hours than their male counterparts, and women had practiced medicine for fewer years than men. Also, women were more likely to be employees of the practice, as opposed to having an ownership interest in the practice, and were more likely to be board certified, although these findings were not significant. After adjustment for workload, provider characteristics, and practice characteristics, the mean annual income for women was $140,615, or $31,962 (19%) lower than that of men (95% confidence interval of $41,834-$22,090 lower, p<.001). During the 1990s female gender was associated with lower annual incomes among white psychiatrists; compared with previous reports from earlier periods the income disparity appears to be widening. These findings warrant further exploration.

The study assessed the demographic variables and their influence on youths involvement in Cassava Value Chain Development Programme in Anambra State, Nigeria. A Taro Yamane sample size technique was used to calculate 387 respondents. Data was analysed using descriptive and probit model from SPSS version 25. The study determined the demographic variables and examined the variables that influenced their involvement. Findings show that a majority (50.1%) were female, the mean age was approximately 35 years, majority (74.2%) were single, greater proportion (46.3%) had formal education, mean household size was 4 persons, mean extension contact per annum was approximately 5 times, farming experience was approximately 8 years, mean farm size was 3.1 hectares, mean income was ₦251,308.07, and majority (51.7%) had access to credit. Variables that were significant at the supply stage were sex (3.109), age (-0.056), educational level (-0.218), household size (-0.237), and access to credit (1.890), at the 1% level of probability. Marital status (-0.559), farming experience (-0.060), farm size (0.235), and annual income (0.000) were at 5%. At the production stage, sex (0.537), household size (-0.053), and farming experience (0.071) were at 5%. At the harvest stage, sex (2.438), age (0.052), marital status (1.727), household size (0.122), access to credit (-0.852), and annual income (0.000) were at 1%. Farming experience (0.067) and farm size (-0.189) were at 5%. The study concluded that the programme’s aims of engaging youths were met. The study recommended that more youths should join the programme to reduce their dependence on white collar jobs.

A study was carried out to assess the production and marketing status of apple in the Mustang district of Nepal in 2019. A total of 100 households were sampled by using simple random sampling technique and interviewed with a pre-tested semi-structured questionnaire. Descriptive statistics and independent-sample t-test was used for data analysis using SPSS and MS-Excel. Farmers were categorized into small farmers (n=68) and large farmers (n=32) based on the number of apple trees grown by farmers. The average area under apple cultivation was 6.64 ropani (0.3378 hactares). The overall average apple production was 2848 kg (2.84 Mt) and the large farmers had more apple production (7035 kg) as compared to small farmers (877 kg). The average annual household income from apple was NRs. 29,868 (248.90 USD). Apple farming was found to be a profitable farm enterprise with a benefit-cost ratio of 1.84. Two marketing channel was identified in the study area and Channel II was found more profitable. Education status of household head, ethnicity, number of economically active family members, experience on apple farming and visit of extension worker to apple farms were the significant factors that positively affected the production and marketing of apple. The satisfaction level of farmers from production and marketing of apple was found very poor (79%). Unavailability of inputs, lack of storage facilities, insect pest damage, poor technical knowledge and infrastructure were major production problems. Similarly, price variation, poor marketing infrastructure and linkage, high postharvest loss, poor bargaining power and low volume of production were the major marketing problems.

Purpose The purpose of this paper is to test the relationship between the annual income earned by the investors and eight behavioural biases exhibited by the investors such as mental accounting, anchoring, gambler’s fallacy, availability, loss aversion, regret aversion, representativeness and overconfidence. Design/methodology/approach The relationship is derived based on a questionnaire survey conducted on 436 secondary equity investors residing in Chennai, India. Findings Analysis of variance test was performed on the normalised and non-normalised version of the biases divided in terms of the annual income earned by the investor. The test found that for the significant biases except the overconfidence bias, the investors with higher annual income were less prone to the biases when compared to investors with lower annual income. On the other hand, with respect to the overconfidence bias, the investors with higher annual income were prone to exhibit overconfidence bias when compared to the investors with lower annual income. Correlation analysis showed that the investors with high annual income were more likely to exhibit higher overconfidence bias but lower representativeness, loss aversion, availability and mental accounting biases. Originality/value A contribution in the financial and economic front which would benefit the financial advisors to now consider the income earned by the clients as an important factor while giving financial advice to the clients and while guiding them about the biases they are prone to exhibit.

1. Introduction: The history of the family Peter Laslett 2. Some demographic determinants of average household size: An analytic approach Thomas K. Burch 3. The evolution of the family Jack Goody 4. Mean household size in England since the sixteenth century Peter Laslett 5. Mean household size in England from printed sources Richard Wall 6. A note on the household structure of mid-nineteenth-century York in comparative perspective W. A. Armstrong 7. Household structure and the industrial revolution mid-nineteenth-century Preston in comparative perspective Michael Anderson 8. A southern French village: the inhabitants of Montplaisant in 1644 Jean-Noel Biraben 9. Size and structure of households in a northern French village between 1836 and 1861 Yves Blayo 10. Household and family in Tuscany in 1427 Christiana Klapisch 11. Structure of household and family in Corsica, 1769-71 Jacques Dupaquier and Louis Jadin 12. Variations in the size and structure of the household in the United Provinces of the Netherlands in the seventeenth and eighteenth centuries A. M. van der Woude 13. Size of households before the industrial revolution: the case of Liege in 1801 Etienne Helin 14. The zadruga as process E. A. Hammel 15. Houseful and household in an eighteenth-century Balkan city. A tabular analysis of the listing of the Serbian sector of Belgrade in 1733-4 Peter Laslett and Marilyn Clarke 16. Town and countryside in Serbia in the nineteenth century, social and household structure as reflected in the census of 1863 Joel M. Halpern 17. Small families, small households, and residential instability: town and city in 'pre-modern' Japan Robert J. Smith 18. Size of household in a Japanese county throughout the Tokugawa era Akira Hayami and Nobuko Uchida 19. An interpretation of the size and structure of the household in Japan over three centuries Chic Nakane 20. The average size of families and households in the Province of Massachusetts in 1764 and in the United States in 1790: an overview Philip J. Graven, Jr 21. Demography and psychology in the historical study of family-life: a personal report John Demos 22. Rhode Island family structure: 1875 and 1960 Edward T. Pryor, Jr.

Abstract. This study was conducted to provide exportation strategy by surveying on preference of Japanese consumers on cut chrysanthemum exported. The survey was conducted two times by a local survey company in Japan, and the surveys were conducted largely on chrysanthemums for casual flowers and the altar. After departmentalizing Japanese consumers per groups the result were analyzed through conjoint and cluster methods, flower colors and shape were used relatively higher rate for selection criteria of flowers in every group in the case of casual flowers. Group 1 comprised of 60 year-old housewives who reside in a small city with high school diploma and annual income less than 300 million yen, and group 2 of 40 year-old housewives who are small city residents with high school diplomas and annual income of 300 million yen show higher rate of use in flower shape than colors. Another group 3 whose members are 50 year-old housewives, small city residents with high school diplomas and annual income of 600 million yen showed higher rate of use colors than the shape for selection criteria of flowers. The consumption characteristics according to the ages of the consumers showed a pronounced tendency. The 40-50 year-old housewives preferred single flowers packed with other flowers, and the 60 year-old housewives double flowers packed with only chrysanthemums. In flower color, the 50-60 year-old housewives preferred white and yellow flowers, and the 40 year-old housewives pink and yellow flowers. Therefore, there are needs for development strategy of new products considering the consumption characteristics of flower shape and color according to the ages of consumer. After analyzing the chrysanthemums for altar by departmentalization of Japanese consumers, every group showed relative higher rate of use for flower shape for selection criteria of flowers. According to the analysis on the consumption characteristics, group 1 which is comprised of 30-40 year-old housewives who reside in small city with high school diplomas and income less than 300 million yen, and the group 2 of 20 year-old housewives who reside in small city with college diplomas and annual income less than 300 million yen. They are very sensitive to the price of the products while the group 3 of 50 year-old housewives who reside in small city with high school diplomas and annual income less than 300 million yen are insensitive to the price. The 30-50 year-old housewives preferred white and pink flowers, and the 20 year-old housewives yellow and pink flowers. In flower shape, the 50 year-old housewives preferred anemone shape, the 30-40 year-old housewives double shape, and the 20 year-old housewives pompon shapes. Therefore, the white, double flowers for the 30-40 year-old housewives and the yellow, pompon flowers for the 20 year-old housewives are needed to be created at the lowest cost, while the white, anemone flowers are needed to created at higher cost with high quality. In light of these results, it is considered that we should understand the types of purchasing products through consumption characteristics of Japanese consumers. Also we should plan, create market-oriented and consumer-oriented products, and should export them in order to expand more exportation.

To determine the prevalence of diabetes and impaired glucose tolerance (IGT) and its risk factors in the Chinese population. This study was a population-based cross-sectional study of 224,251 residents aged 25-64 years in 19 provinces and areas, including cities and rural areas of the north, south, east, and middle part of China. Using the 1985 World Health Organization criteria, the prevalence of diabetes and IGT was 2.5 and 3.2%, respectively, in 213,515 subjects aged 25-64 years. Two thirds (70.3%) of the cases had newly recognized diabetes. The prevalence of diabetes in China is about three times higher than it was 10 years ago. On average, subjects with diabetes are older, have higher personal annual incomes, and more often have a family history of diabetes. They also have higher mean BMI, waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), systolic blood pressure, diastolic blood pressure, and a greater prevalence of hypertension. They perform less physical activity and have less education than people with normal oral glucose tolerance test results. Multiple logistic stepwise regression analysis shows that age, BMI (or WHR), family history of diabetes, hypertension, less physical activity, and higher annual income are independent risk factors of NIDDM, and that low education is also an independent risk factor of NIDDM in people with higher personal annual income. The prevalence of diabetes in China is increasing with economic development and changes from traditional to modernized lifestyle, especially where people had lower level of education and socioeconomic development. Therefore, Chinese people should attempt to retain certain features of their traditional lifestyle (physical activity, healthy food, moderate body weight). Increased knowledge of risk factors for diabetes may help to prevent a further rapid increase in the prevalence of diabetes in China.

This article reviews the current state of apple production in mountain regions, emphasizing the challenges faced by farmers and the opportunities to enhance market linkages. Based on case studies at the municipal level of Jumla district and existing literature, the study identifies key factors influencing production and market access. It proposes strategies for improvement, and highlights the importance of sustainable practices for the development of apple production, market linkage and sustainable agriculture in rural areas. Spatial locations of the study area are relatively safe from different kinds of risks and viable for apple farming at commercial level. Further, the natural, cultural and ecological conditions of these specific locations are suitable to promote organic apple farming with agro-based enterprises development activities. Study clearly evinces that capacity development of apple cultivation farmers needs to enhance for increasing apple production and marketing in wright for livelihood improvement and ecological stability in the mountain region. It is suggested that municipal annual plan needs to prioritize apple production and make link mechanism development for the rapid economic development (growth), social change and environmental balance.

Becoming self-sufficient in rice production has always been the target of successive Nigerian government. However, the lack of credit has been a limiting challenge to the crop’s production. This study examined rice farmers’ access to Bank of Agriculture credit support, using Jahun Local Government Area of Jigawa State, Nigeria as a case study. For the study, Multi-stage sampling procedure was used to select 118 respondents from whom data were collected using the questionnaire. Data were analysed using frequencies, percentages, means and the logit regression. Most of the respondents were found to be between the ages of 31 and 60 years with an average age of 43 years. Majority were married (76.3%). About 2/3 of the respondents have had formal education (65.2%). The mean household size, years of farming experience, farm size and annual income was 10 members, 13years, 2.2ha and N250000 respectively. Majority of the respondents were cooperative members. The result further revealed that majority (66.9%) of the respondents could not access credit support from BoA. The main alterative credit sources were family and friends (64%) and the local money lenders (59%). Major challenges limiting access to credit support from BoA were the cumbersome administrative loan procedures, poor farm records, high interest rate on loans and lack of collateral. The regression analysis showed that sex, household size, farm size and annual income were variables that significantly influenced access to BoA credit support. Government should therefore encourage policies that favour farmers’ easy access to BOA loans under reasonable collateral conditions. Efforts at encouraging farmers to maintain some level of record keeping of their production activities should be prioritized.

Normal reference ranges for and variability in the levels of blood manganese and selenium by gender, age, and race/ethnicity for general U.S. population

The commercial apple cultivation worldwide is in the midst of a major change in apple production management systems. The effects of these changes have considerably been felt in Turkey compared with the world increasing the production and consumption amounts. Therefore, the conventional orchards have been considerably transformed into modern orchards based on dwarf and semi-dwarf rootstocks in the producer provinces of Turkey, especially Isparta province, in recent years. The aim of the study is to analyze effects of the factors which consist of agricultural structure and infrastructure, the growers’ socioeconomic and demographic characteristics and attributes affecting apple farming in Egirdir district of Isparta, Turkey. To this end, data collected through questionnaires carried out with 125 apple growers in Egirdir district was first used for factor and then multiple regression analyses in SPSS statistical program. The results of the study showed that if the planting distances, by renewing the apple rootstocks and willingness of the farm managers to work out of their own farms, were decreased and the other factors were gradually increased up to the optimum input levels, the growers’ attribute and attitudes could be effectively used. As a result, the total apple production could be considerably increased in terms of technical effectiveness. If the scarce sources used for apple farming could be effectively used, a major contribution to the regional and national economy along with the annual incomes of the farmers could be realized. Key words: Apple farming, factor and regression analysis, rootstocks, apple cultivar, modern apple orchard layout.

The purpose of this article is to measure the absolute risk aversion coefficients (RACs) of irrigation fanners in the Winterton area if annual income and wealth are at stake. Decision makers became more risk averse when wealth instead of annual income is at stake. RACs measured at low, medium and high annual income and wealth levels, showed no change when annual income or wealth levels increased. The majority of irrigation farmers have risk neutral annual income and wealth risk preferences.

The purpose of this article is to measure the absolute risk aversion coefficients (RACs) of irrigation farmers in the Winterton area if annual income and wealth are at stake. Decision makers became more risk averse when wealth instead of annual income is at stake. RACs measured at low, medium and high annual income and wealth levels, showed no change when annual income or wealth levels increased. The majority of irrigation farmers have risk neutral annual income and wealth risk preferences.

To inform policy-making, we measured the risk, causes and consequences of catastrophic expenditures for tuberculosis and investigated potential inequities. Between August 2008 and February 2009, a cross-sectional study was conducted among all (245) smear-positive pulmonary tuberculosis patients of six health districts from southern Benin. A standardised survey questionnaire covered the period of time elapsing from onset of tuberculosis symptoms to completion of treatment. Total direct cost exceeding the conventional 10% threshold of annual income was defined as catastrophic and used as principal outcome in a multivariable logistic regression. A sensitivity analysis was performed while varying the thresholds. A pure gradient of direct costs of tuberculosis in relation to income was observed. Incidence (78.1%) and intensity (14.8%) of catastrophic expenditure were high; varying thresholds was insensitive to the intensity. Incurring catastrophic expenditure was independently associated with lower- and middle-income quintiles (adjusted odd ratio (aOR) = 36.2, 95% CI [12.3-106.3] and aOR = 6.4 [2.8-14.6]), adverse pre-diagnosis stage (aOR = 5.4 [2.2-13.3]) and less education (aOR = 4.1[1.9-8.7]). Households incurred important days lost due to TB, indebtedness (37.1%), dissaving (51.0%) and other coping strategies (52.7%). Catastrophic direct costs and substantial indirect and coping costs may persist under the 'free' tuberculosis diagnosis and treatment strategy, as well as inequities in financial hardship.