Socio-ecological approaches in the science of pricing ecosystem services: A perception-based study in some wetlands of Asia and the Pacific

生态系统服务作为生态系统评估的核心领域,是生态学的研究热点。生态系统提供服务的形式与能力受人类活动强烈影响,反之,生态系统服务的变化又影响着人类相关决策的制定。不同生态系统服务之间很难甚至不可能同时达到利益最大化,即存在着不同程度此消彼长的竞争关系。此外,不同生态系统服务之间也可能形成相互促进或抑制的协同作用。探讨不同生态系统服务的相互关系(竞争与协同作用),有利于揭示不同尺度利益相关方与生态系统服务之间的作用与反馈机制,避免生态系统服务的重复估算;同时可为制定与实施生态补偿、提高人类福祉提供科学依据,优化生态系统服务管理。综合研究了近期国外生态系统服务竞争关系与协同作用的相关文献,在简述当前生态系统服务研究若干问题的基础上,以生态系统服务竞争与协同为视角,厘清了生态系统服务竞争与协同的基本内涵,总结了生态系统服务竞争与协同的主要类型,探讨了生态系统服务竞争与协同的空间与时间尺度效应;介绍并总结了生态系统服务竞争与协同两种主要研究方法(生态-经济综合模型方法、基于土地利用的情景分析法)的特点与适应范围。;Being the core of ecosystem assessment, studies on ecosystem services have been becoming a focus in the field of ecology. The formation and provisioning capacity of ecosystem services are tremendously affected by human activities. Conversely, the magnitudes of ecosystem service changes also influence the preferences of human being's daily decision-making. Investigation into the dynamics of the trade-offs and synergistic relationships of regional ecosystem services will shed light on interactions and feedbacks between ecosystem services and the stakeholders at different spatial and temporal scales, and avoid double-counting issue in ecosystem services assessment. In addition, information and progress on trade-offs and synergies in the delivery of ecosystem services will provide scientific basis for designing and implementing eco-compensation schemes and optimize the management behavior of ecosystem services, and finally improve human well-being associated with trade-offs and synergies among different ecosystem services.<br>It is revealed from this review that in the last decades, the valuation of ecosystem services has been received lots of attentions in the decision-making and scientific research communities. However, the double-counting issue during the valuation process usually leads to insufficient or biased guidance in the management of ecosystem services. Since ecosystem service is benefit that human receives from the natural ecosystems, the stakeholders' demand for ecosystem services from different spatial and temporal scales often causes competitions and conflicts among ecosystem's various goods and services. The interactions between human being and ecosystem services often give rise to trade-offs and synergies which in turn directly affect human welfare.<br>With regard to the terminologies, trade-offs between ecosystem services refers to the enhancement of one ecosystem service locally in a short term is at the cost of other ecosystem services locally or at a large spatial scale (e.g., globally) in the future. It can be simplified as the win-lose mode. The term synergies means the synchronous changes between two or among many different ecosystem services, including the win-win mode and the lose-lose mode. The trade-offs and synergistic relationships exist not only within different categories of provisioning services, but also among different ecosystem services and like provision services, regulation services, cultural services, and supporting services. Findings from about 12 literatures has shown specific examples of such kind of trade-offs and synergistic relations, for instance, among provisioning services, between regulating services and cultural services, between provisioning services and supporting services, among regulating services, and between provisioning services and regulating services. The spatial scale of trade-offs and synergies contain various scales, for instance, from ecological scale to institutional scale. The temporal scale could be short-term to long-term based.<br>This paper indicates that so far, trade-offs and synergies analysis of ecosystem services is still at its early stage. However, we identified and summarized two research approaches which have already been commonly used for the analysis of ecosystem services' trade-offs: (1) the Integrated Ecological-Economic Model: it is a traditional approach which is often used to quantify trade-offs. The Model consists of several ecological and economic models. The ecological models are mostly used to analyze the magnitudes of the changes of ecosystem services, while the economic models to evaluate the impacts of the change on human welfare. Since land use and land cover change serves as a direct driving factor of the ecosystem services' trade-offs and synergies, it will become even more extensive due to intensification of interactions between the two in the future. (2) Scenarios Analysis based on Landuse is attracting more and more attention in scientific literature. Remote sensing data and management policies of ecosystem services provide strong data basis for the scenarios formulation and analysis. It could provide more objective and spatially-explicit information on the trade-offs and synergies for optimizing ecosystem services management.

Healthy ecosystems provide us with fertile soil, clean water, timber, and food. They reduce the spread of diseases. They protect against flooding. Worldwide, they regulate atmospheric concentrations of oxygen and carbon dioxide. They moderate climate. Without these and other “ecosystem services,” we’d all perish.1 One hallmark of the history of civilization is an ever-increasing exploitation of ecosystem services coupled with substitution of technology for these services, particularly where ecosystems have been exploited beyond their ability to provide.2 Agriculture is a hybrid of exploitation and substitution that enabled people to live in greater, denser populations that drove further exploitation and substitution. Modern plumbing made close quarters far less noxious but led to exploitation of ecosystems’ ability to break down sewage, and to substitution with expensive sewage treatment technologies. Exploitation of fossil fuels led to a slew of modern conveniences, including fishing fleets that are so effective at catching their prey that they threaten fisheries globally.3,4 All this exploitation strained ecosystems, but in the past, when the population was a fraction of what it is now, these strains were local rather than global phenomena. In 2005 the Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MA),5 a sweeping survey conducted under the auspices of the United Nations, found that approximately 60% of 24 ecosystem services examined were being degraded or used unsustainably.6 “Every year we lose three to five trillion dollars’ worth of natural capital, roughly equivalent to the amount of money we lost in the financial crisis of 2008–2009,” says Dolf de Groot, leader of the Research Program on Integrated Ecosystem Assessment and Management at Wageningen University, the Netherlands. The value of ecosystem services typically goes unaccounted for in business and policy decisions and in market prices. For commercial purposes, if ecosystem services are recognized at all, they are perceived as free goods, like clean air and water. So it’s not surprising that much of the degradation of ecosystems is rooted in what the President’s Council of Advisors on Science and Technology (PCAST), an independent group of U.S. scientists and engineers, describes as “widespread under-appreciation of the importance of environmental capital for human well-being and . . . the absence of the value of its services from the economic balance sheets of producers and consumers.”7 PCAST and other groups are working to build recognition of ecosystem services and, importantly, to valuate them—that is, calculate values for these services to help policy makers and resource managers make rational decisions that factor important environmental and human health outcomes into the bottom line.

Wetland valuation is a policy tool available to environmental planners and policy-makers to justify the general costs of wetland preservation activities. Because there is no integrated procedure for valuing goods and services in the country, this article is the first attempt in Iran to provide a comprehensive yet simple and practical framework on how to value ecosystem goods and services. Estimating the cost of damage to ecosystem services can be effective in preventing further damage to wetland ecosystems. The study aims to propose a framework for estimating the environmental costs of development activities and estimating the damage to the values of the wetland ecosystem services within the direct and indirect effects of development activities. The benefit transfer method was used to estimate the values of ecosystem services of each land use/land cover (LULC) class and damage costs to ecosystem goods and services provided by wetlands. Using the Ecosystem Services Valuation Database (ESVD), the coefficients of the average values of ecosystem services for the country over a period of one year were estimated using the equation for adjusting the overall price levels. The mean values of ecosystem services per hectare of coastal and inland wetlands were updated based on the price levels in 2021. Then the corresponding values were adjusted for Iran. The sum of the “means” of the adjusted ecosystem service values per hectare for the Iranian coastal mangrove wetland ecosystems and inland wetland ecosystems are estimated to be 67,665 USD and 42,171 USD, respectively.

评估湿地价值量并分析价值的空间分布情况, 对湿地保护管理和区域规划利用具有重要的指导意义。以青海西宁湟水湿地公园为研究区, 构建一套适合高原城市湿地的生态系统服务评价体系, 采用功能价值法和断裂点模型法, 分析公园的湿地价值及其辐射格局特征。结果表明: (1)2020年湟水国家湿地公园的15项生态系统服务的总价值为6.18亿元, 四大服务价值量按照价值高低排序依次为文化服务、调节服务、支持服务和供给服务; (2)5个评价区中, 湟水主河道的价值最高, 其次为北川湿地和海湖湿地, 最后是火烧沟公园和宁湖湿地; (3)5大湿地区生态系统服务的辐射范围由大到小依次为: 宁湖湿地>北川湿地>湟水主河道>海湖湿地>火烧沟公园; 对湿地服务辐射范围叠加处理后, 形成1个核心区和5个次核心区域; (4)湟水国家湿地公园的生态系统服务存在空间溢出情况, 湟水主河道的生态系统服务向周边湿地公园溢出, 其他四个湿地区之间生态系统服务存在相互溢出和叠加的现象。;Evaluation of wetland ecosystem services and its spatial distribution is of great significance for wetland conservation, management and sustainable utilization. There are characteristics of population agglomeration, sensitive and fragile ecological environment, disturbed by human activities, and great demand for wetlands in plateau cities. However, due to the constraints of climate and geographical conditions, some wetland ecosystem services are very limited. Taking the Huangshui National Wetland Park (HNWP) as a case study, the current paper constructed an ecosystem service evaluation system that is suitable for plateau city wetland. Combined field investigation data with the analysis of experimental data, we analyzed the wetland value and its radiation pattern characteristics by using function value methods and the break-point model. The results showed that: (1) the total value of the 15 ecosystem services from HNWP was 6.18×10⁸ Yuan in 2020. Four types of the ecosystem services were sorted through large to small as cultural services, regulation services, support services and supply services. The value of each ecosystem service from high to low was humidification > recreation services > heritage value > existence value > surface water storage > river sediment transport > culture and education research > temperature regulation > biodiversity protection > ecological and environmental water use > air filtration> oxygen release > carbon fixation > sewage treatment > harvestable plant products. (2) In the five wetland parks of the HNWP, the value of the Huangshui River was the highest, followed by the Beichuan wetland, the Haihu wetland, the Huoshaogou wetland and the Ninghu wetland. (3) The order for radiation pattern from large to small was Ninghu Wetland, Beichuan Wetland, Huangshui River, the Haihu Wetland and the Huoshaogou Wetland. A core area and five sub-core areas of the ecosystem services were formed after the overlap of the wetland service radiation pattern. (4) There was spatial spillover of ecosystem services in the HNWP. The ecosystem services from Huangshui River overflow to the surrounding wetland parks, and there were mutual spillover and superposition of ecosystem services among Haihu Wetland, Beichuan Wetland, Ninghu Wetland and Huoshaogou wetland. Overall, the results of this study focused on the ecosystem services of urban wetlands, clarified the boundary of ecosystem services on the basis of the evaluation, and determined the spillover and superposition of ecosystem service between different wetlands in the same region. The information may support the sustainable utilization of plateau urban wetlands, which provides a reference for implementing ecological civilization construction.

More than 60% of the world’s ecosystem services have deteriorated over the past few decades. Studying the spatio-temporal fluctuations in ecosystem service value and its influencing factors is important for identifying regional ecosystem service value issues, upholding regional ecological harmony, and encouraging regionally healthy and coordinated sustainable development. Ecosystem service value has so far been studied primarily in relation to the effect of socioeconomic and physical–geographical variables. However, the trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem service values also drive the spatio-temporal variations in ecosystem service value. Few studies have been conducted to date to investigate the trade-offs and synergies between ecosystem service values and their impact on ecosystem service value. Therefore, this paper used sensitivity analysis, correlation analysis, trade-offs and synergies analysis, and a Geodetector to examine changes in ecosystem service value and their influencing factors within the Nanjing metropolitan region. The ecosystem service value decreased somewhat overall between 2000 and 2020, with a decline rate of 2.19 million CNY/year. In comparison to the north of the Nanjing metropolitan region, the ecosystem service value was relatively higher in the south. The water bodies had the highest total ecosystem service value, followed by forest land, cultivated land, and grassland, with construction land and unused land having the lowest ecosystem service values overall. The main socioeconomic factor influencing the spatial variations in ecosystem service value was population density, while the main physical–geographical factors were the digital elevation model, the normalized difference vegetation index, and precipitation. As a result, the Nanjing metropolitan area should tighten its grip on excessive population growth. In contrast to the expository strength of a single factor on the ecosystem service value, the influence of all individual elements on the ecosystem service value under interaction was significantly increased, and the interaction among the normalized difference vegetation index and gross economic product had the most obvious effect on the ecosystem service value. The spatial variation in the ecosystem service value was also influenced by trade-offs and synergies between the value of supply services, regulation services, support services, and cultural services. Therefore, trade-offs and synergies among ecosystem services also need to be considered in land-use decisions.

Ecosystem services at risk: integrating spatiotemporal dynamics of supply and demand to promote long-term provision

Determining the payment for ecosystem services of mangrove forests: The approach combining ecosystem services and social-economic level and application in Shankou National Nature Reserve, Guangxi, China

Ecosystem service value assessment of a natural reserve region for strengthening protection and conservation

Ecosystem functions, services and their values – a case study in Xingshan County of China

Modeling the dynamics of the integrated earth system and the value of global ecosystem services using the GUMBO model

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 基于享乐价格-结构方程双模型的西宁城市湿地生态系统服务价值及影响因素研究 DOI: 10.5846/stxb202108042132 作者: 作者单位: 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目（51669028）；中国科学院"西部青年学者"项目"青海典型城市湿地生态系统服务时空格局及其增溢机制研究"资助；青海省创新平台建设专项青海省自然地理与环境过程重点实验室（2020-ZJ-Y06） A Hedonic-Price and Structural-Equation Model based value assessment and factors of ecosystem services of urban wetlands in the Xining City Author: Affiliation: Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:湿地为城市发展提供巨大的生态系统服务，但其被市场"认可"的经济价值难以准确评估。以青海省西宁市城市湿地为例，筛选房屋结构、可达性、环境、湿地等10个因子，采用享乐价格模型对110个湿地周边社区样点的因子数据（2020年）进行分析，定量分析城市湿地被市场"认可"的价值量。采用断裂点理论和加权Voronoi图模型方法等，分析了湿地生态系统服务价值的空间影响范围；构建了湿地生态系统服务价值影响因素的结构方程模型，探究了影响湿地生态系统服务价值的主要因素。结果表明：（1）2020年湟水城市湿地的总价值达到3.367亿元，约有54.3%的生态系统服务通过房产被市场转化；（2）湟水湿地单位面积的生态系统服务价值为151.916元/m2，生态系统服务价值由大到小排列：火烧沟（1.632亿元）>海湖湿地（0.710亿元）>宁海湿地（0.629亿元）>北川湿地（0.330亿元）；（3）湿地生态系统服务价值占房产总价值的比例达到2.04%，位列10个因素中的第7位；线性函数模型结果显示，购买者对湿地的边际支付意愿是0.12元/m2，即购买者愿意为房产与湿地之间的距离每缩小1m而多支付0.12元。（4）购房者对湿地生态系统服务的支付意愿主要体现在文化服务上（47.19%）。 Abstract:Wetlands provide huge ecosystem services for urban development, but its market-realized economic value is difficult to evaluate accurately. Taking the urban wetland of the Xining City as an example, this study utilized the Hedonic Price Modeling (HPM) to analyze the data from 10 selected factors, of 110 wetland-surrounding community sample sites in 2020, and quantitatively analyzed of the "realized" value of urban wetland by the market. Based on Breakpoint model and the Weighted Voronoi Diagram model method, the spatial influence range of wetland ecosystem services were analyzed. The Structural Equation Model was constructed to explore the major factors affecting wetland ecosystem service values. The results showed that:(1) in 2020, the total value of Huangshui urban wetlands reached 336.7 million yuan, and about 54.3% of the ecosystem services were transformed by the market through real estate; (2) The ecosystem service value per unit area of Huangshui Wetland was 151.916 yuan/m2. Ecosystem service value ranged from large to small as Huoshaogou Wetland (163.2 million yuan)> Haihu Wetland (71.0 million yuan)> Ninghu Wetland (62.9 million yuan)> Beichuan Wetland (33.0 million yuan); (3) The Xining urban wetland ecosystem service value accounted for 2.04% of the total value of the property, ranking 7th out of the 10 factors. Linear function model results showed that the purchaser's marginal willingness to pay to these wetlands was $ 0.12/m2. These households were willing to pay $ 0.12 more for every 1 m distance reduction between their property and these wetlands. (4) Homebuyers' willingness to pay for wetland ecosystem services was mainly reflected in cultural services (47.19%). 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 海洋生态资本理论框架下的生态系统服务评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306031301 作者: 作者单位: 国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,青岛,中国海洋大学经济学院,国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,青岛,中国海洋大学经济学院,中国海洋大学生命学院 青岛,中国海洋大学经济学院,山东省海水养殖研究所,国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,青岛 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(31072211);国家海洋局公益行业专项(201105006);山东省科技厅项目(2007GG10005012);国家海洋局908项目(908-02-04-03);山东海洋与渔业厅908项目(SD-908-02-10);福建海洋与渔业厅908项目(FJ908-02-02-07) Marine ecological capital：valuation methods of marine ecosystem services Author: Affiliation: The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,Qingdao,School of Economics,Ocean University of China,Qingdao,The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,Qingdao,School of Economics,Ocean University of China,Qingdao,School of Marine Life,Ocean University of China,Qingdao,School of Economics,Ocean University of China,Qingdao,,The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,Qingdao Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:海洋生态资本指能够直接或间接作用于人类社会经济生产、提供有用的产品流或服务流的海洋生态资源。海洋生态资本价值由海洋生态资源存量价值和海洋生态系统服务价值组成。海洋生态资本评估包括海洋生态资源存量评估和海洋生态系统服务评估。在海洋生态资本理论框架体系下,针对我国近海生态系统服务的开发与利用情况,建立了评估海洋生态系统服务的物质量和价值量的技术框架。基于物质量可量化、价值量可货币化、数据可获得性三条评估原则,筛选出9个指标定量评估海洋生态系统服务的物质量和价值量,并给出了对应的评估方法、计算公式、参数和数据来源。海洋供给服务采用养殖生产、捕捞生产和氧气生产3个指标评估;海洋供给服务采用气候调节、废弃物处理2个指标评估;海洋文化服务采用休闲娱乐、科研服务2个指标评估;海洋支持服务采用物种多样性维持、生态系统多样性维持2个指标评估。养殖生产、捕捞生产等指标采用市场价格法进行评估;氧气生产、废弃物处理、科研服务等指标采用替代成本法进行评估;气候调节指标采用替代市场价格法进行评估;休闲娱乐指标采用旅行费用法或收入替代法进行评估;物种多样性维持、生态系统多样性维持等指标采用条件价值法进行评估。该套方法体系已经应用于山东省7个沿海地级市和福建省东山湾、罗源湾的近海生态系统服务价值评估,已经得到学术界和海洋管理部门的认可,被国家标准《海洋生态资本评估技术导则》吸收采用。该套方法紧密切合国家生态文明建设需求,可为海洋主管部门的生态资本核算、生态补偿业务、环评审批提供关键技术手段,也为海洋生态系统服务的精确评估提供了科学基础。 Abstract:Marine ecological capital is defined as marine ecological resources which are able to have direct or indirect positive influences in human’s social and economic production and provide benefits for human. Marine ecological capital value consists of the existing value of marine ecological resources, as well as the marine ecosystem service value. The assessment of marine ecological capital includes marine ecological resources and marine ecosystem services. Marine ecosystem services consist of four groups of services (i.e. provisioning, regulating, cultural, and supporting services) and 16 subgroups of services. Provisioning services consist of maricultral production, fishing production, oxygen production, raw material production, and genetic resources supply; Regulating services consist of climate regulation, waste treatment, biological control, and disturbance regulation; Cultural services consist of recreational service, cultural usage, and scientific service; Supporting services consist of primary production, nutrients cycling, species diversity maintenance, and ecosystem diversity maintenance.Considering the utilization patterns of ecosystem services in China coastal waters, this paper developed the assessment methods of marine ecosystem services in both mass and monetary under the marine ecological capital frameworks. We selected 9 services among the above 16 services to be valued and summed up as the total value of ecosystem services. Moreover for each service, its evaluation methods, calculation formulas, parameters and data resources are given too. Maricultural, fishing, and oxygen productions are selected to assess provisioning services. Climate regulation and waste treatment are selected to assess regulating services. Recreational and scientific services are chosen to assess cultural services. Species and ecosystem diversity maintenances are chosen to assess supporting services. The market-price method is recommended to valuate maricultural and fishing productions. The replaced-cost method is recommended to valuate oxygen production, waste treatment, and scientific service. The replaced-market-price method is recommended to valuate climate regulation. The travel-cost method and replaced-income method are recommended to valuate recreational service. The contingent-value method is recommended to valuate species and ecosystem diversity maintenances.Currently, the services including raw material, cultural usage, biological control, and disturbance regulation services from marine ecosystems were excluded from the calculation monetary value of marine ecosystem services, because it is difficult to access the statistical data for assessment; also it is unclear to how to valuate cultural usage and genetic resources supply provided from marine ecosystem. Primary production provides energy and carbon, while nutrients cycling provide nitrogen, phosphorous and silicate, to support the smooth run of marine ecosystem. However human being does not directly or indirectly use primary production, nutrients cycling from sea. Moreover the benefits human get from these two services have been calculated during calculating the other services (i.e. maricultural, fishing and raw material production, waste treatment). Therefore, primary production and nutrients cycling should not be evaluated in monetary term, but they may be evaluated in mass term. This set of assessment methods of marine ecosystem services has been applied to evaluate the ecosystem services of Shandong provincial coastal waters located in Yellow Sea and of Dongshan and Luoyuan bays located in East China Sea. These assessment methods have been adopted by China's "Technical Directives for Marine Ecological Capital Assessment" after passing review of several expert committees. This set of methods provide an applicable technical tool to enforce the policies for ecological capital accounting, compensation against ecological damage accidents, payment for ecosystem services of marine protected areas, and marine and fisheries management effectiveness assessment. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 舟山海域生态系统服务能值价值评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201304080629 作者: 作者单位: 浙江海洋学院 海洋科学与技术学院,浙江海洋学院 海洋科学学院 舟山 316000,浙江海洋学院 海洋科学学院 舟山 316000 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金(40971295, 41001001, 41206088); 浙江省科技厅项目(2009C33083); 国际科技合作项目(2009DFB20290, 2010DFA32920) Emergy valuation of ecosystem services in the Zhoushan marine area Author: Affiliation: Zhejiang Ocean University,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:能值作为一种以生态系统为中心的量化方法,其核心建立在对生态系统的各种输入分析基础之上,是一种典型的供给者方法。而生态系统服务属于系统的输出,是人类获得的福祉,辨别及量化生态系统服务(生态系统输出)的方法称之为使用者方法。以海域生态系统的供给、调节、文化和支持四类服务体系框架为基础,以生态系统的输出(生态系统服务)为出发点,计算了舟山海域生态系统服务的能值货币价值,为运用能值方法(供给者方法)来量化生态系统服务(使用者方法)提供一种新的思路。结果表明:舟山海域生态系统服务单位面积年能值货币价值为1.1297 能值元/m2。在所评价的四类生态系统服务价值中,支持服务占总价值的55.00%,其次是文化服务占总价值的20.82%,调节服务占总价值的20.08%,供给服务最小,仅占总价值的4.09%。研究结果为开发、利用、管理舟山海域生态系统提供了重要的信息。 Abstract:Marine ecosystems provide a variety of ecological functions that directly or indirectly translate to economic services and values to humans in the Zhoushan marine area. These ecological functions support fish populations that constitute a significant source of protein, sustain ecosystem stability by conserving biodiversity and mitigating climate change through carbon sequestration, act as sinks for byproducts of industrial or agricultural production, and provide recreational and aesthetic benefits. However, ecosystem services have not been fully recognized or adequately quantified in past accounts of economic or social development. Rapid population growth and human development, such as reclaiming land from the sea and over-exploitation of marine resources, have resulted in degradation of resources, which in turn affects delivery of ecosystem functions and services.We present a possible approach to using the emergy method (a donor-side approach) by valuing the ecosystem services (a user-side approach). This paper classifies the ecosystem goods and services provided by the Zhoushan marine area into four categories: production services, regulating services, cultural services, and supporting services. We performed this study on the valuation of eight marine ecosystem services: food provision, climate regulation, gas regulation, water quality purification, education and science research, biological control and biodiversity maintenance.Using the method of emergy analysis, this paper estimated the emergy value of ecosystem services in the Zhoushan marine area. Emergy synthesis is viewed as a "donor-side" evaluation approach because it values items based on energetic inputs, as opposed to consumer preferences. The use of the emergy synthesis method to value ecosystem services provides a stronger basis for management policies as it ensures that the global dynamics of the biosphere are taken into proper account from a "donor-side" perspective. The concept of the "donor-side" is based on the analysis of ecosystems by considering inputs. Emergy synthesis identifies the value of the natural resource in terms of its "donor-side" value. This value then can be used to understand the environmental work needed directly or indirectly to generate a resource, goods, or flow of an economic product.Ecosystem services are the conditions and processes through which natural ecosystems, and the species that comprise them, sustain and fulfill human life. These "outputs" of the ecosystem provide the goods and services to be directly or indirectly used, or to provide benefits for humans and other species. An ecosystem services approach is a "user-side" approach that has recently been developed and describes ecosystems in terms of their useful outputs. In such "user-side" approaches it is important to define the user, mainly to identify which outputs to consider and the criteria that guide this consideration. Taking this approach, the outputs of systems are related to ecosystem functions, which provide services to be used by humans. This view of the use of ecosystems means that services are valued by means of environmental economic methodologies. These approaches most often assess only non-renewable resources, depending on what human technologies are able to extract from them (a user-side view). In contrast, emergy synthesis is a "donor-side" value approach, and our approach here attempts to combine the two. The calculation of value is related to the work done by ecosystems to produce goods and services that support the economy. The emergy synthesis approach is not an alternative method used to value the ecosystem services. Instead, it is a supplementary and systemic approach to highlight the mechanisms through which services are produced by different systems.Starting with energy and matter flowing out of an ecosystem (user-side), we present our method in a very schematic way. We use the emergy evaluation (donor-side) approach to quantify marine ecosystems services (output, user-side) in the Zhoushan marine area. The emergy method has been established as a way to properly value ecosystem services. As a "donor-side" approach, the emergy method provides an eco-centric value based on the input that supports a system, rather than the output (ecosystem services) that is useful for humans. The latter approach has been criticized as possibly being erroneous for valuing ecosystem services. In this paper, the mass or the matter that is related to the ecosystem services (output) was translated to a common unit using the emergy method. The results indicated that the total emergy economic value of ecosystem services in the Zhoushan marine area was 1.1297 Em￥/m2. These indicative results from the valuation of a few services in the Zhoushan marine ecosystem suggest that the marine area is of significant importance to humans. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 江苏近海生态系统服务价值评估 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201306041325 作者: 作者单位: 中国海洋大学环境科学与工程学院,青岛,国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,国家海洋局第一海洋研究所,中国海洋大学生命学院 青岛 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家海洋局青年基金资助项目（2013722）；国家海洋局第一海洋研究所中央级科研院所基本科研业务经费资助项目（2013G41）；海洋公益性行业科研专项经费资助项目（201105005） Valuation of ecosystem services in Jiangsu coastal waters Author: Affiliation: College of Environmental Science and Engineering，Ocean University of China,The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,The First Institute of Oceanography,SOA,College of Environmental Science and Engineering,Ocean University of China Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:海洋生态系统服务是人类从海洋生态系统中获得的效益，对沿海地区社会经济具有重要的支撑作用。采用国家标准《海洋生态资本评估技术导则》的方法，评估了江苏省管辖海域的生态系统服务价值，并揭示了其空间分布特征。江苏近海海域面积1.18万km2，2008年提供的生态系统服务总价值为426.02亿元，供给服务、文化服务、调节服务和支持服务价值分别为226.38亿元，186.61亿元，12.68亿元和0.34亿元；3个沿海地市比较，盐城近海生态系统服务价值最高，为184.55亿元；其次是连云港近海，为155.58亿元；南通近海最低，为85.89亿元。江苏近海生态系统服务价值空间分布密度平均为361.91万元/km2，从近岸到远海总体呈逐渐降低趋势，高值区主要分布在滨海旅游区和海洋保护区，中值区出现在养殖区，其它海域的服务价值则较低。江苏近海生态系统服务利用属于供给服务和文化服务共同主导的综合开发利用型，连云港近海属于文化服务主导的开发利用型，盐城近海属于供给服务和文化服务共同主导的综合开发利用型，南通近海则属于供给服务主导的开发利用型。建议在江苏近海开展离岸养殖工程，以提高近海供给服务价值；在盐城，特别是南通近岸海域开发海洋公园、渔家乐和其他亲水性旅游活动以提高文化服务价值。 Abstract:Marine ecosystem services represent the benefits people obtain from the marine ecosystem as a key support for socioeconomic development. The value, structure and spatial distribution of ecosystem services in Jiangsu coastal waters can provide important information for socioeconomic policy and planning. This paper evaluates the ecosystem services in Jiangsu coastal waters and tries to reveal their spatial distribution characteristics based on the national standards, "Technical Directives for Marine Ecological Capital Assessment". Ecosystem services indicators were selected based on the state of the environment and resources in Jiangsu coastal waters. Provision services in Jiangsu coastal waters include mariculture, fishing and oxygen production. Regulating services include climate regulation and waste processing. Culture services include research and tourism. Supporting services include biodiversity and ecosystem diversity support. The spatial distribution of each ecosystem service was obtained using the Kriging interpolation method or "Vector to Raster" method. In 2008, the total ecosystem services value was 42.60 billion CNY in 11800 km2 coastal waters of Jiangsu. The value of provisioning services, cultural services, regulating services and supporting services was 22.64 billion CNY, 18.66 billion CNY, 1.27 billion CNY, and 0.034 billion CNY, respectively, accounting for 53.14%, 43.80%, 3.00%, and 0.08%, respectively, of the total value. Yancheng coastal waters had the highest marine ecosystem services value, Lianyungang had medium value and Nantong coastal waters held the lowest value. The spatial density of the ecosystem services value of Jiangsu coastal waters averaged 3.62 million CNY/km2, varying between 1.15-849.17 million CNY/km2. Lianyungang coastal waters had the highest spatial density of ecosystem services value, Yancheng had medium value, whilst Nantong coastal waters held the lowest spatial density. The spatial density of ecosystem services in coastal waters was mainly dominated by the provisioning and culture services. The spatial density of provisioning service value varied little, however, a huge fluctuation existed in the spatial density of the culture service value: the spatial density of Nantong was 5.80 million CNY/km2, Yancheng was 1.19 million CNY/km2, and Nantong was only 400 CNY/km2. The coastal tourism area and marine protected area showed the highest density of ecosystem services value, while the mariculture area showed a medium density and other areas were at lower density levels. The tourism area had a high recreation service value and the marine protected area had a high ecosystem diversity supporting service. A generally decreasing trend existed from onshore to offshore in Jiangsu coastal waters. From onshore to three nautical miles offshore showed a higher spatial density of ecosystems services value and had 64.16% of total ecosystem services value in Jiangsu coastal waters with many tourism areas, marine protected areas and mariculture areas in this zone. The spatial density of ecosystem services value was mainly determined by mariculture between three and twelve nautical miles offshore, a generally decreasing trend existed in this area with a decreasing mariculture area. The ecosystem services in Jiangsu coastal waters shows comprehensive development and utilization, dominated by both provisioning services and cultural services. Lianyungang was dominated by cultural services, Yancheng was dominated by both provisioning and cultural services and Nantong was dominated by provisioning services. Offshore aquaculture should be developed to increase provisioning services value in Jiangsu coastal waters. Marine parks and fishermen's family hotels should be established in Yancheng, especially in Nantong coastal waters, to increase cultural services value. Ecosystem health should be maintained in coastal waters when promoting the ecosystem services value. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献

PDF HTML阅读 XML下载 导出引用 引用提醒 关中-天水经济区生态系统服务权衡与协同关系 DOI: 10.5846/stxb201408261688 作者: 作者单位: 陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院 陕西西安,陕西师范大学旅游与环境学院 陕西西安,武汉大学测绘学院 作者简介: 通讯作者: 中图分类号: 基金项目: 国家自然科学基金项目(41371020);中央高校特别支持项目(GK2015020210) Ecosystem service trade-offs in the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region of China Author: Affiliation: College of Tourism and Environment,Shaanxi Normal University,Xi’an 710062,, Fund Project: 摘要 | 图/表 | 访问统计 | 参考文献 | 相似文献 | 引证文献 | 资源附件 | 文章评论 摘要:陆地表层植被作为生态系统主体,具有调节气候、水文调节、净化水质、保持水土等生态系统服务。理解生态系统服务权衡与协同的表现类型、形成机理、尺度依存和区域差异,对于制定区域发展与生态保护"双赢"的政策措施具有重要意义。以关天经济区为主要研究对象,利用相关模型,计算关天经济区生态系统NPP,固碳释氧,水文调节,水土保持,粮食生产等生态系统服务价值,利用ESCI和ESSI两个指数研究其生态系统服务价值时空变化,利用相关系数和空间制图的方法研究它们之间的相互权衡协同关系。结果表明:从时间角度分析,各项生态服务价值都呈现逐渐增加的趋势;从空间角度分析,2000年和2010年存在相似的空间分布格局,从北向南,NPP和固碳释氧的价值逐渐增大,水土保持价值变化量的大小也呈现不断增加的趋势,北部变化量小,南部变化量大,水文调节价值从西向东增大,从北向南增大,粮食生产价值量最小的是西安市市区,粮食生产价值量最大的是西安市的郊区和郊县及咸阳市。2000年到2010年间,调节型生态系统服务与供给型生态系统服务之间存在着此消彼长的权衡关系;各个区县的总生态服务价值指数从北向南、从西向东是不断增大的。 Abstract:The Millennium Ecosystem Assessment (MEA) has highlighted the dependence of human well-being on ecosystem services. In recent studies, the links between nature and the economy are often described using the concept of ecosystem services, which is the flow of value, measured as the quantity of natural resources, to human societies. Natural ecosystems provide society with important goods and services. With the rapid increase in human population and the excessive utilization of natural resources, humans frequently enhance the production of some services at the expense of others. Although the need for trade-offs between conservation and development is urgent, the lack of efficient methods to assess such trade-offs has impeded progress. This study focused on the evaluation of ecosystem services under different land use practices in the Guanzhong-Tianshui economic region of China using indices such as the ecosystem services change index (ESCI) and ecological service status index (ESSI). GIS-based techniques were used to map spatial and temporal distributions as well as the changes in ecosystem services. Research on the trade-offs and synergies between these ecosystem services were based on a correlation rate model and on distribution mapping. The results of the study show that (1) the ESCI value of Net Primary Productivity (NPP) and carbon sequestration increased in the western or northwestern regions of the area under study, while there was a loss of NPP and carbon sequestration in the eastern region. The water conservation value in the eastern region significantly increased, whereas it decreased in the western part. The other areas show no change. There was a gain in agricultural production in all regions, except Xi'an city. The ESSI value was the largest in Tianshui City, and showed a decreasing trend from west to east. (2) All of these services show trade-offs and synergy. Carbon sequestration was based on the NPP value, so the correlation coefficient was 1. The spatial pattern of soil conservation and water conservation were similar, so they have a higher correlation coefficient. Lastly, (3) ecological service was prominent in Baoji City, followed by the cities of Weinan, Xianyang, and Xi'an. Supporting ecological services were the highest in Fengxian County, followed by the counties of Zha Shui, Taibai, and Hua Yin. In contrast, supporting ecological services were the lowest in Gan Gu County, followed by the counties of Da Li and Qin An. Provisioning ecological services were high with the highest being in Fengxian County followed by Xian Yang City, and lowest in Taibai County. Looking at the spatial distribution, the total ecosystem services index increases from north to south and from west to east. The indexes for the cities and counties in the north were significantly lower than for those near the southern Qinling Mountains; therefore, the index was lower for the western part than for the eastern part. Provisioning ecological services, of which agricultural production accounts for a large proportion in the central area, was stronger than in the other areas. From 2000 to 2010, the total index of ecological services increased, although there was a slight decrease in some areas, mainly in the cities of Tianshui and Tongchuan. The Qinling-Taibai mountain region did not register any significant changes. From 2000 to 2010, all of these services presented trade-offs and synergy, especially in Baoji City. The supporting ecosystem services index in Fengxian County was the highest and had a NPP and carbon sequestration of 1, but agricultural production was very small at 0.0057. The food production index was the highest at 1, but the supporting ecosystem services index was low. This study suggests that the evaluation and visualization of ecosystem services could effectively assist in understanding the trade-offs between conservation and development. The results have implications for the planning and monitoring, which can be integrated into land use decision-making, of the future management of natural capital and ecosystem services. 参考文献 相似文献 引证文献