SOCIAL IN THE CULTURALIST MODE: CULTURAL TURN IN THE SOCIOLOGICAL THEORIZATION- INTERNATIONAL AND GLOBAL CONTEXT

The concept of ‘tacit knowledge’ as the means by which individuals interpret the ‘rules’ of social interaction occupies a central role in all the major contemporary theories of action and social structure. The major reference point for social theorists is Wittgenstein's celebrated discussion of rule‐following in the Philosophical Investigations. Focusing on Giddens' incorporation of tacit knowledge and rules into his ‘theory of structuration’, I argue that Wittgenstein's later work is steadfastly set against the ‘latent cognitivism’ inherent in the idea of tacit knowledge and tacit rules. I also argue that the idea of tacit knowledge and tacit rules is either incoherent or explanatorily vacuous.Scholars of the emotions maintain that all anger requires an object of blame. In order to be angry, many writers argue, one must believe than an actor has done serious damage to something that one values. Yet an individual may be angered without blaming another. This kind of emotion, called situational anger, does not entail a corresponding object of blame. Situational anger can be a useful force in public life, enabling citizens to draw attention to the seriousness of social or political problems, without necessarily vilifying political officials.In the first half of this paper I show how H. L. A. Hart's theory of rules can resolve, or at least clarify, a central methodological problem in legal anthropology that was first posed in Llewellyn and Egebel's The Cheyenñe Way In the second half I explore and develop Hart's theory (a) of rules, and apply it to problems of agency and behaviourism in legal anthropology, and (b) of legal development, and apply it to the problem of rule‐scepticism in legal anthropology as it is posed in Roberts and Comaroffs Rules and Processes and elsewhere.As human beings, we share many historically developed, language‐game interwoven, public forms of life. Due to the joint, dialogically responsive nature of all social life within such forms, we cannot as individuals just act as we please; our forms of life exert a normative influence on what we can say and do. They act as a backdrop against which all our claims to knowledge are judged as acceptable or not. As a result, it is not easy to articulate their inadequacies in a clear and forceful manner. However, within most of our forms of life, we have a first‐person right to express how our individual circumstances seem to us. And by the use of special forms of poetic, gestural talk—talk that can originate new language‐games—we can offer to make our own ‘inner lives’ public. In this paper, I want to claim that this is just what Wittgenstein is attempting to do in his later philosophy: by use of the self‐same methods that anyone might use to express aspects of their own world picture, he is offering us his attempts to make the background ‘landscape’ of our lives more visible to us. These methods are explored below.Proponents of the view that social structures are ontologically distinct from the people in whose actions they are immanent have assumed that structures can stand in causal relations to individual practices. Were causality to be no more than Humean concomitance correlations between structure and practices would be unproblematic. But two prominent advocates of the ontological account of structures, Bhaskar and Giddens, have also espoused a powers theory of causality. According to that theory causation is brought about by the activity of particulars, in the social psychological case, individuals of some sort. Consistence would demand that structure be those individuals. But neither Giddens nor Bhaskar wish to reify structure to the extent that would fit it for a role as a powerful particular. If only human beings can be powerful particulars in these contexts, the only way that structures can be real must be as properties of conversational (symbolic) interactions. Human action is social just in so far as people direct themselves to engage well in joint activities with others.

For 40 years, the relationship between sociology and cultural studies has posed central questions of self-definition and practice for both projects. By orchestrating a range of manifesto-style statements — the full literature can only be gestured towards — this chapter offers an analytical profile of the unfolding dealings between the two formations, starting with the prevailing discourse around sociology at the Centre for Contemporary Cultural Studies (CCCS) in the 1970s (‘Birmingham’). The second sketch — ‘postmodern con-juncturalism’ — takes as background the worldwide growth of cultural studies as an undergraduate quasi-discipline, involving the active displacement of disciplinary sociology. In a third movement —‘sociological readjustment’ — the tables are ostensibly turned once again, but at this point the whole notion of the ‘cultural turn’, which rhetorically governs most of the debate, requires critical focus. In the years after 2000, a mood of ‘pragmatic reflexivity’ emerges in cultural studies and sociology alike, in which, despite latent tensions, various balances are struck between culture and economy, theory and method, political purpose and academic professionalism. With these developments, the prospect of a more principled partnership between the ‘warring twins’ (D. Inglis, 2007) could be glimpsed. However, several recent currents of thought and research are undermining the ‘culture and society’ problematic that has sustained most versions of the sociology-cultural studies encounter.

Extended Abstract 1. Introduction The time period between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. has been considered as a momentous time span characterized by political upheavals and the appearance of diverse political tendencies in the contemporary history of Iran. In this regard, translators as social agents who were strongly interconnected with social contexts drew influences from these political upheavals and tendencies, on the one hand, and affected them, on the other hand. Deposition of Reza Shah in the beginning of 1320sS.H./ 1940sA.D. And also coup d’etat in 1332S.H./ 1953A.D. Had tremendous repercussions in both social space and cultural productions in a way that different fields of activity like publication were transformed and profoundly impacted upon practices of translators as cultural producers who were situated within such a field. 2. Theoretical Framework To investigate translators’ behavior as situated in the publication field during a twenty-five-year time span between 1320S.H. /1941A.D. and 1345S.H. /1966A.D. the present study heavily relied on the theory of sociology of cultural productions as formulated by Pierre Bourdieu in 1979. In this regard, habitus and field as two key concepts of this theory had been adopted to shed light on the influences drawn from developments in the field of publication by translators. In other words, publication field was remolded as a field endowed with hierarchical order, autonomy, social reproduction, and constant struggle in accordance with how Bourdieu conceptualizes formation of a given field. Meanwhile, translators’ behavior was reframed based on the concept of habitus as being subordinate to the field of publication, on the one hand, and contributory to the field of cultural production, on the other hand. Consequently, structured and structuring aspects of habitus, as emphasized by Bourdieu, were brought to the fore. It merits attention that political events like the oust of Reza Shah, establishment and dissolution of Toode party, and coup d’etat in 1332S.H. /1953A.D. were formulated with respect to the concept of the field of power which dominated any other fields of practice as publication and cultural productions. 3. Metodology This study falls into the category of conceptual studies, because it focuses on better understanding of the concept of translatorial habitus in relation to the field of publication. Furthermore, documentary analysis as a research method which is widely applied in sociological studies has been concentrated on to analyze the research data. Concerning this, archival data like interviews done with eminent translators and editors pursuing translation and editing career during the specified time period as well as documents and historical evidence have been consulted with. Meanwhile, bibliography of translated books presented in the specified time period was specially taken into account. Apart from these, different historical information concerning sociohistorical ambience of the time period under study was taken up to elaborate on the field of power as the first level of a Bourdieu Sian analysis. Then, the influences of the field of power upon the field of cultural production were brought to the fore. Afterwards, the subfield of book publication as situated within the field of cultural production subordinate to the field of power was analyzed with respect to four functioning mechanisms underlying the formation of a given field. As the last level, the ever-changing structure of the subfield of book publication was related to the translators’ behavior from the lens of translatorial professional habitus. 4. Results and Discussion The reign of Pahlavi II culminated with development of the field of cultural production due to the freedom provided for journalists, publishers, and other cultural producers as translators. With respect to the field of publication, the change of the foreign language recognized as the state’s second language from French to English, technological improvements on printing, removal of censorship and surveillance on published materials, increase of literate individuals, etc. contributed to some changes in the field of publication. However, unfavorable economic conditions as well as ascendancy of journals and newspapers hindered the progress of book publication subfield from an ill-formed field of practice to an autonomous one. Consequently, translatorial habitus drawn meager influences from this field, rather, dominated it in terms of what cultural productions were offered to the marketplace as well as how they were produced. However, coup d’etat in 1332S.H./1953A.D. brought up dramatic changes in the field of power which focused on the alteration of the field of cultural production in accordance with an acculturation policy based on which Russian socialist culture was to be substituted with American culture. Such an acculturation policy which was strictly pursued by the regime ended in establishment of state run publication institutes like Incorporation of Translation and Publication of Books and Franklin Institute during 1330s S.H./1950s A.D. It merits attention that the former was patronized by Pahlavi Foundation and the latter was financially supported by the American government. Due to the initiatives made by such institutes, the subfield of book publication was codified and transformed to an autonomous well-structured subfield. Consequently, translators lost their dominant position in this subfield and their habitus turned to a more regulated one. 5. Conclusions and Suggestions This study has pointed to the conclusion that translation practice is subordinate to the ambience of the field of power, in the first place, and to the field in which translators are situated, in the second place. Hence, as the field of power provides opportunities for the formation of well-structured fields, translatorial habitus orients towards further submission to the given fields. However, in ill-formed fields of practice which are devoid of codification processes as conceptualized by Bourdieu, translators are endowed with a dominant translatorial habitus. In the case of publication field under study, it appears that development of publication field from an ill-formed field of practice to a well-structured one brought about considerable changes in translatorial habitus, because translators’ behavior was regulated based on new requirements, and translators were placed in a dominated position as compared with publishers. In line with this, eminent publishers enjoyed the privilege of choosing works to translate and also controlling the quality of translation products. Meanwhile, developments of the field of publication heavily relied on the improvements made in the field of cultural production.

Introduction 1. What is theory? 2. The classical attempt at synthesis: Talcott Parsons 3. Parsons on the road to normativist functionalism 4. Parsons and the elaboration of normativist functionalism 5. Neo-utilitarianism 6. Interpretive approaches (1): symbolic interactionism 7. Interpretive approaches (2): ethnomethodology 8. Conflict sociology and conflict theory 9. Habermas and critical theory 10. Habermas' 'theory of communicative action' 11. Niklas Luhmann's radicalization of functionalism 12. Anthony Giddens' theory of structuration and the new British sociology of power 13. The renewal of Parsonianism and modernization theory 14. Structuralism and poststructuralism 15. Between structuralism and theory of practice: the cultural sociology of Pierre Bourdieu 16. French anti-structuralists (Cornelius Castoriadis, Alain Touraine and Paul Ricoeur) 17. Feminist social theories 18. A crisis of modernity? New diagnoses (Ulrich Beck, Zygmunt Bauman, Robert Bellah, and the debate between liberals and communitarians) 19. Neopragmatism 20. How things stand Bibliography.

Research in Applied Linguistics in general, and intercultural communication and learning in particular, has been greatly influenced by poststructuralist and postmodern thinking. In the attempt to overcome the legacies of essentialism and structuralism, investigations and academic discussions concentrate on local, discursive constructions of identity and meaning-making processes. Criticality in research from these perspectives revolves largely around the deconstruction of essentialist categories such as ‘self’ and ‘other’ or ‘culture’ and ‘language’, by revealing hybridity, mixing, and heterogeneity of multilingual and multicultural encounters. More recently, though, these perspectives have been criticized for their exclusive focus on micro-aspects of communication and the tendency to marginalize the effects of more durable social structures and relations (Block, Gray, & Holborow, 2012; Zotzmann & Hernandez, 2013; O’Regan, 2014). The present article explores an alternative philosophical perspective and the insights it can provide: Critical Realism (CR), as developed by Roy Bhaskar (1979, 1986) and further elaborated by Margaret Archer (1995, 1996, 2003) and Andrew Sayer (1997a, 1997b, 2000) among many others. Critical Realism moves from normative critique, i.e. critique of representations and categories, to explanatory critique, i.e. attempts to capture the interaction between the embodied self and agency of individuals on one side, and structures as ‘the enduring, affording and constraining influences of the social order’ (Sealey & Carter, 2004, p. xiii) through a stratified ontology on the other. It can thus foster a more critical theorization of the forces at play in instances of intercultural communication and learning

One of the main foci in scholar debate on Ukraine is the overarching question, how ‘divided’ this country is. However politically important this matter might be, serious research has usually been surprisingly shallow, and more often than not ignoring a geographical dimension connected to this political issue. This dissertation reads a ‘division of Ukraine’ as a ‘spatial-political conceptualization’. It is seen as a product of ‘strategic spatial-political discourses’ offered by potent political actors and their shared interpretation in the mind of the voter, thus facilitating shared imaginary geographies of Ukraine. The outcome is a performative reification of these discourses through voting.
\nThis perspective allows for an analysis regarding who has which geography of Ukraine in mind (meaning, what kind of underlying ‘spatial-political conceptualization’ is preferred), and furthermore, if there are structural differences in the regions of Ukraine regarding the prevalence of these concepts (meaning, do similar voters subscribe to similar interpretations all over Ukraine or is there an independent locality aspect?).
\nA theoretical framework has been developed, drawing on Pierre Bourdieu’s ‘theory of practice’ and following Michael Vester’s thoughts: A relational ‘social space’ comprising several so-called ‘fields’ served hereby as the point of departure. One ‘field’ accommodated so-called ‘camps’ as vertically integrated (elite and commons), pillar-like segments in the event of an election. These ‘camps’ were based on a shared sense of order and sorting of the social. This field was found structured by certain cleavages; two have been identified for Ukraine 2012. Such a perspective allowed for inclusion of segments of societies regarding theoretically challenging polities in transition like Ukraine – and prevented a too narrow view focused exclusively on political actors. This has been combined with ideas brought forward by spatial sociologists, so that the above (virtual) ‘spatial-political conceptualizations’ of Ukraine appeared to be the spatial manifestation of shared principles of order and sorting of the social. Departing from this framework, the dissertation has been divided into three main parts:
\nAt first, preliminary studies have been conducted regarding the concrete structuring of the ‘field of camps’ in Ukraine around the time of the elections in question: As a result, three main camps have been identified. These were labeled the ‘government-camp’, the ‘democratic opposition-camp’ and the ‘nationalist-opposition-camp’.
\nSecondly, however just for heuristic purposes, it has been analyzed that the most appropriate regionalization of Ukraine for the elections of 2012 would mean a peculiar, three region outlay based on a set of quantitative data like social structure and voting behavior.
\nThe synoptic use of these findings structured the selection of potential participants for the main part, which aimed at offering answers regarding above questions. For theoretical as well as practical reasons, the focus group chosen was a set of 45 graduate students from five Ukrainian ‘National Universities’, the highest echelon of tertiary education in Ukraine, based in a ‘western’, a ‘central’ and an ‘eastern’ region, and drawn from the respective three ‘camps’.
\nIt has been found that there was not one idea or conceptualization of ‘division’ among the participants from the ‘government camp’, but instead four different ones. The most
\nx
\npuzzling finding was, that such ‘division’ always meant some sort of special status for a quite fuzzy Ukrainian ‘East’. Among them, the meanwhile classic ‘partition-along-the-Dnipro’-conceptualization was the most rarely found idea. Also, however contrary to their own official stance, participants from the ‘democratic opposition’ seemed to systematically put less emphasis on national unity and balance than expected (at least in spatial perspective): Two consistent conceptualizations have been found here: A ‘unity-oriented’ one largely found with participants from this ‘camp’ from the ‘western’ and ‘central’ parts of Ukraine; and another, covertly ‘regionalist’ found with many participants from ‘eastern’ Ukraine. Participants from the ‘nationalist opposition’ preferred – besides the mentioned ‘unity-oriented’ conceptualization – also one that has been labeled ‘uniformity-oriented’: A unitary state based on an ethnic Ukrainian nation with authoritarian characteristics. In 2012, ‘conceptualizations of division’ have thus been found ‘one-sided’ at best, as they were exclusively aimed at a fuzzy ‘East’, but never at the (likewisely fuzzy) ‘West’ of Ukraine – meaning more or less historic Galicia. They have been found very consistently among participants from the ‘government-camp’ in several specifications; to a lesser extent also among participants from the ‘democratic opposition-camp’.
\nFurthermore, it has been shown, that these ‘camps’ were mostly country-wide phenomena (acknowledging a non-specified degree of regional concentration, however): Concepts articulated by participants from one ‘camp’ in the ‘West’ were found generally comparable to those from participants of the same camp in the ‘eastern’ or ‘central’ parts of Ukraine. The only exception that implies a locality-aspect was found with the ‘camp of democratic opposition’: Participants from the ‘East’ tended to prefer the above ‘regionalist’ conception much more than those from elsewhere.
\nAll in all, Ukraine seemed from this perspective far less ‘divided’ or ‘partitioned’ than usually brought forward by commentators in public discourse or sometimes even by parts of the scientific community, whose arguments are usually based on ‘spatialized facts’ such as electoral geographies of past elections or distributions of social structure variables – which also had a huge impact on forming (shared) opinions in 2012.
\nHowever, the above findings can lead to the assumption, that the actors behind ‘strategic-political discourses’ of ‘division’ – usually camouflaged as strive for regional self-governance or (linguistic) autonomy – had already by 2012 sown the seeds for making this a reputable idea, as some respective interpretations of such discourses seemed to match surprisingly well – and this was not solely confined to the ‘government-camp’.
\nThe outlined results shall contribute to better understanding the phenomenon of a ‘divided’ or ‘partitioned’ Ukraine, connecting a geographical dimension to a currently unsolved political problem. Nevertheless, as the main limitations stem from the chosen focus group and a narrow post-election time frame, this dissertation shall be understood as a case study and not as an elaboration regarding the overall population.

Editorial

Title: Jaguar Land Rover and Financialization : the group's repositioning in view of the new control concept. Objective: Analyze the financialization process in the Jaguar Land Rover automotive group. Nowadays the market observes the predominance of a stereotype of the financial logic in the management of automobile corporations, with a tendency of capital appreciation via the financial market with loss of capital appreciation towards production. Procedures / Method for problem solution: This study is characterized as a qualitative and explanatory research, as it comprises a social gro up and the occurrence of a pheno menon. For data analysis was used the method of content analysis using five categories of analysis, because it allows the classification of elements and the grouping of evidence by similarity. In view of the shift from the a utomotive sector to the financialization process, consider yourself the predominance of practices that prioritize traditional financial logic control instruments is considered. In this context, the Jaguar Land Rover Group undergoes changes to remain compet itive due to new control concepts in validity. Observing this context, this research will conduct a case study in the JLR group. To this end, the methodology used as a form of data collection is the document analysis technique. This was accomplished in ann ual reports of the automaker, in financial reports of Holding Tata Motors , in specialized websites of the financial market and the automaker itself. Results: It was fou nd from this research that the S tate played a central role in promoting the indian auto motive industry and market. Also, it was found that the Jaguar Land Rover (JLR) group is a particular case regarding the stereotype that characterizes the financialization phenomenon. From the perspective of economic sociology, the theoretical underpinning s of this study, it is clear that the Tata Motors Limited (TML) group made a strategic decision, which was “watershed” in its trajectory, by acquiring the JLR group, when advances from a dealer stage in the domestic market to a challenging stage in the int ernational auto industry market. That is, TML moves from a local market context to a global market context. Implications practices: Became evident the necessity understand the implications of these developments for studies on varieties of capitalism, cons idering a new moment in the auto industry, as it is influenced by cultural, political, geographical, historical and other factors. The evidence found in this research reflected the impacts generated by the economic social phenomenon financialization on the structures and forms of management of companies. In addition, there was a shift in the productive axis of the automotive consumer market to the Asian region, dominated by a capitalism with distinct characteristics of the American continent, for example. Originality and Contributions: Through this research we seek to understand a phenomenon that is present and has consequences for the whole society. Thus, this work has its importance, also, due to the lack of other researches that discuss the financializat ion phenomenon in Jaguar Land Rover , a group that still does not have academic investigations at the national level. Among the publications found that focus on the automotive industry, numerous works were conducted with reference to companies operating in the market, but none content related to Jaguar Land RoverJaguar Land Rover. The results found here adhere to research line 1 The results found here adhere to research line 1 -- “Organization and “Organization and Society”, when they demonstrated contemporary dynamics that reflect managerial actions, Society”, when they demonstrated contemporary dynamics that reflect managerial actions, institutional formats, market, company ainstitutional formats, market, company and Government interaction and their consequences. nd Government interaction and their consequences. Besides problematizing the organizational effectiveness in generating of social changes.Besides problematizing the organizational effectiveness in generating of social changes. Technical Production/Technological: Technical Production/Technological: The main technological product resulting from this The main technological product resulting from this research is data that will beresearch is data that will be useful for structuring a data platform on the Brazilian automobile useful for structuring a data platform on the Brazilian automobile industry, known as the industry, known as the Brazilian Research in Auto IndustryBrazilian Research in Auto Industry (BRAIN). This platform is under (BRAIN). This platform is under construction through the Southern Fluminense Development Study Group (GEDESF), construction through the Southern Fluminense Development Study Group (GEDESF), registered with CNregistered with CNPq and coordinated by Prof. Raphael Jonathas da Costa LimaPq and coordinated by Prof. Raphael Jonathas da Costa Lima--UFF/VR.UFF/VR. This study fits into the four axis of research in the list of technical/technological products of This study fits into the four axis of research in the list of technical/technological products of PPGA/UFF, what is: Technical services as knowledge production. Regarding applicability, PPGA/UFF, what is: Technical services as knowledge production. Regarding applicability, thithis paper presents a replicable product with knowledge production for the literature: the s paper presents a replicable product with knowledge production for the literature: the automobile industry and automobile industry and financializationfinancialization, based on economic sociology. As for innovation, the , based on economic sociology. As for innovation, the study brings the automotive group study brings the automotive group Jaguar Land RoverJaguar Land Rover and its behavior in thand its behavior in the face of the e face of the economiceconomic--social phenomenon social phenomenon financializationfinancialization. As for complexity, this research brings . As for complexity, this research brings together a multidisciplinary theoretical set for analyzing data and information contained in in together a multidisciplinary theoretical set for analyzing data and information contained in in complex reports, complementing previous research and providincomplex reports, complementing previous research and providing useful content for new g useful content for new research.

In this paper the distinctive characteristics of the Italian philosophy of language (IPL) are delineated. It is not only Italian philosophers who have constructed such a philosophical tradition. The Italian philosophy of language has a long history (a tradition which probably began with Dante); it is based on a very broad and comprehensive concept regarding the nature of human language. In respect to other traditions of philosophy of language (mainly Anglo-American analytic philosophy, hermeneutics and semiotics, and critical theory), the Italian tradition considers language to be at the same time a natural and a social phenomenon. From this point of view, the basic theoretical source of IPL is an 'anthropological stance'. But it is worth stressing that in the IPL, the conception of human biology includes ideas from anthropology, sociology, psychology (and perhaps psychoanalysis as well). Therefore when an IPL philosopher speaks of 'language' s/he refers to this broad and stratified field of phenomena. Exactly in this sense, IPL connects itself to the very peculiar Italian political and intellectual history. Following Wittgenstein, the IPL slogan could be this one: to study a language means to study a form of life, that is, at the same time a biological entity (a life) and a sociohistorical one (a form).

This thesis aims to understand the political sociology of Maoist insurgency in India using a combination of disaggregated statistics and qualitative data. The vast majority of insurgent leaders are from dominant or upper caste, middle class backgrounds. Their participation in the insurgency can be understood in terms of ideology and short-term processes of mobilization. The Maoist insurgents provide a unified organizational structure for two separate sections of society. On the one hand, are untouchable or dalit landless laborers who suffer economic exploitation at the hands of higher caste landowners. On the hand are tribal or adivasi landowning cultivators whose relative autonomy has come under increasing pressure over the past two centuries as the state has established control over natural resources in their area. Their support for the insurgents does not just manifest itself from exploited untouchables’ and oppressed tribals’ positions in the social structure as structural theories would assume. Rather, the insurgents provide them with collective incentives in order to encourage their support. The actors at the macro and micro levels have very different reasons for participating in the insurgency. The insurgent leaders aim to capture state power through a Protracted People’s War, while the objectives of supporters at the micro-level tend to be more concerned with local and short-term issues. The insurgency should be conceptualised as a state building enterprise in which the interests of supporters at all levels are served by seizing local political power and the building of a base area. The thesis demonstrates that the insurgency is expanding most rapidly in the central Indian tribal belt. I use a case study to show that not all tribal communities support the insurgents. Some oppose them, either because their interests have been harmed by the presence of the insurgents, or as a result of a variety of endogenous mechanisms. This indicates that insurgency is a more dynamic and complex process than structural and rational actor theories allow for. The thesis finishes by placing the subject of indigenous communities and insurgency in the global context. It demonstrates that, while so-called indigenous communities listed by the Minorities at Risk project amount to 4.8% of the world’s population, they were involved in 43% of the intra-state conflict years listed by the Uppsala Conflict Data Program Armed Conflict Dataset between 1946 and 2010.

This communication looks at the evolution of the Sociology of Education in France since Emile Durkheim (L'education morale, Education et Sociologie and L'evolution pedagogique en France) until Francois Dubet (A l'ecole. Sociologie de l'experience scolaire). Throughout his long and rich history, the French Sociology of Education has experienced three essential periods. The first, which runs from the beginning of the twentieth century to the early 1960s, is dominated by the ideological opposition between functionalism and Marxism that despite their differences, share a common representation of the education which prevails system, continuity and integration. The second phase starts with a new interpretation which seeks, first, involve the contributions of Marxism and structuralism with a new reading of the classics and, moreover, make an effort to highlight the importance of the actor, its rationality and change. Discussions facing Pierre Bourdieu, a supporter of the theory of reproduction and creator of new concepts such as ethos, the habitus, field and social capital, and Raymond Boudon, founder of methodological individualism that emphasizes the centrality of the strategies developed by actors within their means and opportunities present. The third period begins in 1990, and is characterized by the willingness of several authors, among them Francois Dubet, to recompose the Sociology of Education around new concepts like the school experience. Try to link the macro and microsociological levels, combining an analysis of the changing educational system with a psychosociological study of how the educational community (students, teachers and parents) are living this situation and address the specific issues raised by such change.

Book Reviews: Sociology and its Publics: The Forms and Fates of Disciplinary Organization, Social Evolutionism: A Critical History, History and Social Theory, Time: An Essay, Postmodernity, Social Movements: The Politics of Moral Protest, a Communitarian Defense of Liberalism: Emile Durkheim and Contemporary Social Theory, Pierre Bourdieu, Social Research and Social Reform, Prospects for Democracy: North, South, East and West, the

In my contribution I want to detect the durkheimian roots of the Bourdieu’s State category. My contribution is organized in three parts. The first part is devoted to a short draft of the Durkheim notion of State. The second part faces the comparison within Bourdieu and Durkheim on the category of State. In this part I will analyze mechanisms, among others, like that of logical conformism and moral conformism that find their definition in Durkheim work, The elementary forms of religious life, and that are the basis of the concept of collective belief of the category of State in Bourdieu. Highlighting durkheimian roots in Bourdieu sociology of State means also to introduce Durkheim within the revival of studies on the State in which Pierre Bourdieu occupies a central role and establish a line of continuity, full of potential developments, between Durkheim and the current debate in Sociology of the State. This is the third and final part.

Dictionary of Critical Realism fulfils a vital gap in the literature, Critical Realism is often criticised for being too opaque and deploying too much jargon, thereby making the concepts inaccessible for a wider audience. However, as Hartwig puts it 'Just as the tools of the various skilled trades need to be precision-engineered for specific, interrelated functions, so meta-theory requires concepts honed for specific interrelated tasks: it is impossible to think creatively at that level without them.' This Dictionary seeks to redress this problem; to throw open the important contribution of Critical Realism to a wider audience for the first time, by thoroughly explaining all the key concepts and key developments. It includes 500 entries on these themes, and has contributions from major players in field. However this text does not stop there, it goes further than simply elucidating the concepts and includes a number of essays which use the notions in important areas, thereby demonstrating the appropriate use of the concepts in action to encourage their wider use. This book will become a requisite reference tool for Critical Realist scholars and Philosophers and Social scientists alike will enjoy this vital introduction and explanatory text of the indispensable ideas contained within the dynamic and vibrant school of Critical Realism.

Structuration Theory