Social Impacts of Computing: Codes of Professional Ethics

Background.The use of IT tools in the business sphere requires special legal regulation, given the excellent mechanism of consolidation from areas where the figure is not yet used or its use is quite limited. An important tool of regulatory self-regulation are codes of ethics in the digital economy, which only take into account certain features of digital transformations and are a universal trend of modern development of legal regulation of the economy in Ukraine and the world. Analysis of recent research and publications. The analysis of types, the content of ethical codes in the field of digital economy is not paid enough attention, which actualizes the purpose of this scientific article. The aim of the study is to determine the features of codes of ethics in the digital economy. Materials and methods. During the study, both general scientific and special methods of cognition were used: dialectical, systemic, synergetic, formal-logical, generalization, functional, comparative jurisprudence. The information base of the study was national legislation, EU directives, works of domestic and foreign scientists, codes of conduct of international IT companies. Results. The following types of codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) depending on the subject, the subjects of their development and adoption in the digital economy are identified: codes of ethics in a particular area of the digital economy; codes of ethics of a separate professional community; codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) of an individual business entity. Codes of ethics in a particular area of the digital economy are a collection of rules and standards of conduct developed by a community, an association of different professions, in order to develop common principles and policies in a particular market. Codes of ethics of a particular professional community are a collection of rules and standards of conduct that are developed by a particular community on a professional basis and that operate in the digital economy. Codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) of an individual business entity are internal organizational documents of a specific business entity, an element of its foreign and domestic policy, which sets out the rules of activity for the company’s citizens, limits of liability, etc. Conclusion. It has been established that the digital economy is primarily an area that has emerged through self-regulation, so the development of regulationin the digital economy should be linked to the ethics of using the tools of digital transformation. It has been found that the self-regulation of the digital economy takes into account the flexibility of various tools, including codes of ethics. It is established that the structure and content of codes of ethics (codes of professional ethics) of each company is different. The content of such codes usually includes global trends of modern business requirements: sustainable development policy, respect for human rights, corporate social responsibility, compliance with anti-corruption, tax laws, etc., and special, which reflect the individual obligations of a particular company. Keywords: digital economy, code of ethics, code of professional ethics, business entity, sustainable development, business and human rights, corporate social responsibility, artificial intelligence.

This chapter outlines the features of the professional practice which lead to the necessity for codes of professional ethics, and which underpin the nature and typical content of such codes. There are a variety of codes and regulations regarding professional practices, which may serve different purposes. Members of a profession possess certain skills, knowledge and capacities that their clients and the general public typically lack. This creates a gradient of power and of relative vulnerability between the professional and others. Codes of ethics aim to mitigate the potentially deleterious effects, or the misuse, of such professional power. Codes of professional ethics may be backed up by hard or soft power. Since each profession deals with a certain area of endeavour, codes of professional ethics typically concern themselves with values, benefit and harms in relation to their own area of expertise. Nonetheless, there are general values underlying such codes, even if these are implicit. These may be hard to articulate and may indeed be controversial. The value of autonomy is examined as an example especially relevant to AI. Codes of ethics can only function effectively with both adequate institutional and societal backing. Understanding the history and context of development of codes of ethics is important to understand their underlying values, and especially where social and technological change is occurring. Codes of ethics may develop in response to catastrophe, in anticipation of problems, and with reference to codes of ethics in key areas, and all of these may give rise to problems. Codes of ethics may have certain failings, and in some cases even make a situation worse.

The success of developing a functional engineer position is carried out by coaching and resolving the problem of increasing the professionalization of the engineer who is a part that is really needed through the basic values approach of the code of ethics. The purpose of professional development and engineering code of ethics is to develop the engineering profession according to their competence and to follow the pattern of rules of the game in professional development by referring to the engineer code of ethics. Basic values, practical rules and professional bonds are guidelines to instill a spirit of professionalism and practice ethics for Civil Servants, so that Engineers are strong, compact and united, have sensitivity, are responsive and have high solidarity, are disciplined. and aware of their responsibilities as an element of the state apparatus and public servants. The function of professional development and professional code of ethics provide guidelines for every member of the profession regarding the principles of professionalism outlined; Professional code of ethics is a means of social control for the community over the profession concerned; and the existence of a professional code of ethics to prevent interference from parties outside professional organizations regarding ethical relationships in professional membership. To design professional coaching and develop a professional code of ethics for engineering functional positions, several methodological approaches were carried out, namely with several references from the professional development process and code of ethics from engineering associations in America, such as from NSPE, ASME, ASCE, and as a basis for reference to the code of ethics. Civil servants in accordance with PP.No. 24, year 2004. The approach pattern is the concept of basic values which consists of seven principles, then the main issue in the engineering code of ethics, namely, respecting the rights of individuals and companies, being responsible, having competency values and having competency values both from their work and abilities and expertise.

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Context: Public health practitioners are involved in a wide array of contexts. Local and national government public health agencies; domestic and international nongovernmental organizations (NGOs); and academic institutions are just a few examples of the settings where public health practitioners work. Acting ethically and meeting ethical commitments in a practical and transdisciplinary endeavor as complicated as public health necessitates careful consideration. Ethical practice ensures that public health institutions work properly and that individual public health practitioners maintain their integrity. There is little debate about the importance of ethics in public health professional practice and, as a result, the necessity for a corresponding professional code of ethics. Policy Options: Only an US-American code of public health ethics has been created so far. Since ethical considerations in public health are heavily dependent in contexts, the aim of this document is to initiate a discussion surrounding the establishment of a Code of Ethics for Public Health Professionals in Europe. Recommendations: Stimulate the discussion on a European code of public health ethics. Make a clear distinction between public health ethics and medical ethics. Recognize public health as a profession and not just a medical specialty. Recognize the need for a common code of ethics among public health professionals in Europe. Use Kotter's Model based on the Theory of Change as a roadmap when creating the European public health code of ethics. Treat the European code of ethics as a "living document". Encourage further research on a European code of ethics.

Felsefi bir disiplin olarak etik uzun bir geçmişe sahiptir. Meslek etiği ve etik kodların oluşturulması ile ilgili de hatırı sayılır bir birikim vardır. Ancak okula ve öğretmene yüklenen yeni anlamlar etik tartışmaların yeniden ele alınmasına ve özellikle öğretmenlik meslek etiğinin bugünkü durumunu tartışma ihtiyacını doğurmuştur. Bu çalışmada bu ihtiyaca cevap vermek amaçlanmıştır. Özel olarak, etik ve meslek etiği kavramı üzerine tartışmaları sunmak, çeşitli ülkelerdeki öğretmenlik meslek etiği kodlarını değerlendirmek, meslek etiği eğitiminde gelinen noktayı ortaya koymayı amaçlayan bu çalışmada derleme yöntemi kullanılmıştır. Derlemden elde edilen bulgulara göre, öğretmenliğin hem mesleğin profesyonel statüsü için hem de mesleğin ‘ahlak uğraşı’ olması ve kültür taşıyıcı rolü gereği meslek etiği kodlarının oluşturulması oldukça önemlidir. Etik kodlarla ilgili belgeler meslek birlikleri, devlet organları veya kurumlar tarafından oluşturulabilir. Öğretmenlik meslek etiği kodlarının dayandığı değerlerin tartışılması ve kodların güncellenmesi gerekmektedir. Sadece kodların oluşturulması etik davranan öğretmenler yetiştirmek için yeterli değildir, etik tutum, davranış ve kararlar için etik eğitiminin gerekli olduğu kabul görmektedir. Ancak tüm dünyada olduğu gibi Türkiye’de eğitim fakültelerinde etik konusunda ders koymak konusunda genel olarak bir isteksizlik veya uygulamalarda tutarsızlık görülmektedir. Post modern dünyanın değerler karmaşası içinde etik eğitimin gerektiği platformlarda tartışılması ve bu tartışmaların öğretmen yetiştirme uygulamalarına yön vermesi önerilmektedir.

A professional code of ethics is a standard created and accepted by a group of professions to advise or instruct members of the profession on how to control the profession and preserve its excellence. Professional ethics is applicable to all extant professions, including the legal profession. The National Police of the Republic of Indonesia (POLRI) is one of the law enforcement professions that has a code of professional ethics. This research intends to identify and analyse the code of ethics and punishment of Polri members who conduct illegal activities in accordance with National Police Regulation Number 7 of 2022 regarding the Professional Code of Ethics and the Police Code of Ethics Commission. This investigation is descriptive and analytical. This study's methodology employs normative legislation and an empirical strategy and the data are then analysed qualitatively. The findings revealed that the implementation of National Police Regulation (Perpol) 7 of 2022 regarding Code of Professional Ethics of the Indonesian National Police (KEPP) and Indonesian National Police Code of Conduct Commission (KKEP) is a new Police Regulation that replaces the Regulation of the National Police Chief of the Republic of Indonesia Number 14 of 2011 regarding the Police Professional Code of Ethics and the Regulation of the Head of the State Police of the Republic of Indonesia Number 19 of 2012 regarding the Organization and Work Procedures of the Code Commission Ethics of the Indonesian National Police.

SUMMARY This paper examines the ethical implications of recent changes in social work, particularly in relation to the conception of social workers as professionals guided by a code of ethics. These changes include the fragmentation of the occupation, the increasing proceduralization of the work and the growing focus on consumer rights and user participation. Some people have argued that codes of ethics are becoming increasingly irrelevant in this climate, in that they assume a unified occupational group and are based upon professionals' definition of values without consultation with service users. On the other hand, it has also been maintained that it is ever more important to retain and strengthen codes of ethics in order to maintain professional identity and to defend the work of the profession from outside attack. This paper explores the relevance of a code of professional ethics for social work, focusing particularly on the British Association of Social Workers' code, in the context of the changing organization and practice of the work. It considers two alternative approaches: the 'new consumerism' which focuses on the worker's technical skills (rather than professional ethics) and consumer rights (as opposed to professional obligations); and a 'new radicalism' which stresses the worker's own personal or political commitment and individual moral responsibility (as opposed to an externally imposed code of professional ethics). It is concluded that the changes in social work do threaten the notion of a single set of professional ethics articulated in a code, and that, in some types of work, this model is less appropriate. However, there is still mileage in retaining and developing a code of ethics, not as an imposed set of rules developed by the professional association, but as part of a dynamic and evolving ethical tradition in social work and as a stimulus for debate and reflection on changing and contradictory values.

The first code of professional ethics must: (1) be a code of ethics; (2) apply to members of a profession; (3) apply to all members of that profession; and (4) apply only to members of that profession. The value of these criteria depends on how we define "code", "ethics", and "profession", terms the literature on professions has defined in many ways. This paper applies one set of definitions of "code", "ethics", and "profession" to a part of what we now know of the history of professions, thereby illustrating how the choice of definition can alter substantially both our answer to the question of which came first and (more importantly) our understanding of professional codes (and the professions that adopt them). Because most who write on codes of professional ethics seem to take for granted that physicians produced the first professional code, whether the Hippocratic Oath, Percival's Medical Ethics, the 1847 Code of Ethics of the American Medical Association (AMA), or some other document, I focus my discussion on these codes.

This study aims to assess to what extent Jordanian external auditors comply with the Code of Ethics for Professional Accountants, as perceived by financial managers and internal auditors. The hypotheses are tested using one sample and an independent sample t-test for a sample of 53 industrial public shareholding companies listed on the Amman stock exchange during 2020–2023. The study utilized the survey instruments to collect the necessary data from 200 participants. The findings show that the external auditor complies with the code of professional ethics at a high to moderate level per the Relative Important Index from the viewpoint of both financial managers and internal auditors. Moreover, the outcomes also show there are no significant variances between their beliefs regarding the adherence of external auditors to the code of ethics. The study consequences indicate that the enacted regulations that organize the work of the auditors can effectively enhance the compliance of Jordanian auditors with the code of professional ethics. Nevertheless, it emphasized the need for more shared efforts for more compliance with professional ethics in the auditing profession. The study suggests Many recommendations to enhance auditors’ compliance such as continuous oversight of auditor compliance from the Jordanian Association of Certified Public Accountants, ethical awareness, research and development in the area of ethics, and training programs to explain ethical complexities. This study assures the importance of enhancing ethical compliance in the auditing profession in an emerging country to increase public trust, attract investment, and improve financial statements integrity.

Codes of ethics were drafted by participants in the European and North American Congresses of DIYbio, a single global organization of informal biotechnology practitioners, in 2011. In general, the existence of a code of ethics amongst a community is itself significant. Codes of professional ethics are common in scientific and engineering fields, as well as in DIY communities. It is also significant, and highly unusual, that DIYbio has maintained two separate codes of ethics years after their drafting. While agreement was reached within the congress for each geographic region, with considerable commonality between the two codes drafted, they are far from identical. There are differences in the ordering of items, the wording of common items, and the presence/absence of items. I will argue that these differences are meaningful, and consider them with respect to cultural variation, ethics, and societal implications. Finally, I recommend that the entire DIYbio organization unite under a single code of ethics, and that one of the existing drafts is superior to the other for this purpose.

Professional societies that include artificial intelligence (AI) practitioners as members have been active in adopting and communicating codes of ethics for their membership. Such professional codes of ethics likely have an expressive benefit in encouraging society members to give greater consideration to ethical factors, although the relatively few empirical studies on professional society codes of ethics have failed to demonstrate any consistent, practical benefit. In contrast, company codes of ethics have been demonstrated to be effective in some contexts, because the company as employer can create a supportive work environment that values and rewards ethical behavior. This article proposes three potential strategies to increase the effectiveness and credibility of professional society ethical codes as governance tools. First, enforcement of the codes should be broader and more transparent. Second, employers could be enlisted to help enforce the codes adopted by professional societies, given employers’ greater influence in creating a more compliant and ethical workplace culture. Third, AI practitioners could be professionalized, with accompanying licensure, educational, and ethical requirements. There are pros and cons related to each of these three strategies.

Background of the study: Physiotherapists in Nigeria renewed their practicing license annually through the regulatory body and are provided with the professional code of ethics which stipulate the appropriate conduct, behaviour to guild and regulate the practice of their profession however, the level of knowledge, attitude and application of the ethical guidelines by Nigerian physiotherapists need to be investigated. Aim of Study: This study assessed the knowledge, attitude and perception of Nigerian physiotherapists in relation to the ethics of their professional practice. Methodology: The cross-sectional study recruited 117 licenced Physiotherapists working in various health institutions in Nigeria. They were recruited for the study during the 2018 annual scientific conference of clinical and academic physiotherapists in Nigeria. Data on demographic, work experience, knowledge, attitude and perception of ethics of professional practise were obtained using a self-administered questionnaire. Data were summarized using a descriptive statistics of percentage and frequency distribution. Results: All the participants 117 (100%) had copies of code of ethics and oath of professional practise. 74.6% of participants had good knowledge of code of professional ethics while 25.39% had poor knowledge. Only 40.8% (48) of the respondents demonstrated good attitudes toward code of professional ethics. Similarly, only 43.4% (51) of the respondents demonstrated good attitude towards oath of professional practise. 57.0 % of the respondents have heard about ethical misconduct among colleagues while only 13.60% have been involved in ethical misconduct with respect to colleagues or patients. Greater proportion of the respondents (78.2%) considered ethics in physiotherapy as very important while 43.4% supported the introduction of physiotherapy ethics as a course to physiotherapy students in year three of their undergraduate training. Conclusion: Majority of Nigerian physiotherapists have good knowledge of professional code of ethics and oath of professional practise, however, their attitudes towards periodic updating their knowledge on code of ethics and professional oath remain poor. Clinical implication and recommendation: Ethical matter are very important to the practise of physiotherapy, however the poor attitudes of physiotherapy toward updating their knowledge on ethical matters calls for the need for the regulatory body and the professional association to organise seminars and workshops on ethics in physiotherapy and introduce pre-renewal test on ethics before annual licence renewal.

Price and quality of professional services and codes of ethics

A notary is a public official who is authorized to make an authentic deed with perfect evidentiary power. The position of a Notary is a Public Position that upholds the dignity and trust of the community so that in carrying out its duties, it must adhere to the prevailing laws and regulations and the Code of Professional Ethics. Based on the provisions of the Professional Code of Ethics, a Notary is prohibited from publishing his position or self-promotion, while in this digital era it is not uncommon for a Notary to list his position on his social media accounts. The purpose of this study is to explain and analyze the legal consequences of the publication of a notary position and how to apply sanctions and solutions for violations of the code of ethics according to Act No. 2 of 2014 concerning the position of notary and the code of ethics of a notary. The method used in this study is the normative juridical method, the specifications in this study are descriptive analytical, the data used are secondary data, using data collection sourced from library research that produces primary law materials, secondary law materials, and tertiary law materials, problems analyzed with the theory of Triadism Law and the theory of Legal Effectiveness. The results of this study indicate that the prohibition on the publication of Notary Positions for Notaries is based on the fact that a Notary as a position that provides services to the public requires the trust of the public, thus Notaries are obliged to uphold their nobility of dignity in accordance with the Law on Notary Positions and the Notary Code of Ethics. The legal consequences for a Notary who publish his Notary Position in Social Media accounts are not in accordance with the oath / promise of Position that has been uttered and mandated by the Notary Position Act, and violates the prohibition provisions in the Notary Code of Ethics.