Abstract
By most accounts, the Scandinavian welfare states are the most developed among the rich democracies. Along with the Netherlands, they best represent Esping-Andersen’s (1990) social democratic welfare state regime and closely approximate Titmuss’s (1974) ‘institutional welfare state’. The Nordic welfare states are generally characterized by publicly funded and administered programmes that have comprehensive and universal coverage and relatively egalitarian benefit structures. Traditionally, they have been supported by redistributive general taxes and strong work orientations, in terms of both programmatic emphases on work and economic policies that stress full employment. As I illustrate below, they have produced the highest levels of income and gender equality within the advanced market-oriented democracies.2
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