Social Continuity and Change in the First Intermediate Period: Insights from Utilitarian Ceramics

The Enigma of the Hyksos, Volume 1: ASOR Conference Boston 2017—ICAANE Conference Munich 2018—Collected Papers

Book Review| March 01 1968 Review: A History of Egyptian Architecture. The First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate Period by Alexander Badawy A History of Egyptian Architecture. The First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate PeriodAlexander Badawy G. E. Kadish G. E. Kadish Search for other works by this author on: This Site PubMed Google Scholar Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians (1968) 27 (1): 84–86. https://doi.org/10.2307/988437 Views Icon Views Article contents Figures & tables Video Audio Supplementary Data Peer Review Share Icon Share Twitter LinkedIn Tools Icon Tools Get Permissions Cite Icon Cite Search Site Citation G. E. Kadish; Review: A History of Egyptian Architecture. The First Intermediate Period, the Middle Kingdom, and the Second Intermediate Period by Alexander Badawy. Journal of the Society of Architectural Historians 1 March 1968; 27 (1): 84–86. doi: https://doi.org/10.2307/988437 Download citation file: Ris (Zotero) Reference Manager EasyBib Bookends Mendeley Papers EndNote RefWorks BibTex toolbar search Search Dropdown Menu toolbar search search input Search input auto suggest filter your search All ContentJournal of the Society of Architectural Historians Search This content is only available via PDF. Copyright 1968 The Society of Architectural Historians Article PDF first page preview Close Modal You do not currently have access to this content.

Part I 1. Egyptian Mortuary Beliefs and the Nature of the Tomb 2. The Tomb and Society 3. Construction and Decoration 4. The Study of the Egyptian Tomb Part II 5. The Decoration of the Tomb Part III 6. Predynastic and Early Dynastic Periods 7. The Old Kingdom 8. The First Intermediate Period, Middle Kingdom and Second Intermediate Period 9. The New Kingdom - The Early Years 10. The New Kingdom - The Amarna Years 11. The New Kingdom - The Ramesside Years 12. The Third Intermediate and Saite Periods 13. The Late Period and the Graeco-Roman Period.

The culture of Egyptian history spans millennia. Hence, we can see major changes (developments, innovations, borrowings from abroad) as well as the persistence of organizational stability. Add to this the slow growth in corporate identity of the state’s army as well as its technological changes. The latter is most clearly revealed in the use of horses for the elite segment of the pharaonic army in the New Kingdom, the chariotry. It was roughly around the same time that the Egyptians had an independent army, whereas earlier such had not been the case. The war materiel, especially axes and maceheads in fighting, had slowly but effectively been replaced by the use of more effective swords—note the advance through the sickle-shaped types—and shields. Then, too, the introduction of bronze technology in the late third millennium bce had effectively altered the earlier reliance upon stone and copper. During the Middle Kingdom (c. 2008 bce–1775 bce), massive fortress building took place at the Second Cataract in the south in Nubia. Furthermore, permanent military duty was established and some type of cursus honorum for high-ranking soldiers is discernible. Egyptian history is separated into unified periods, called Kingdoms, from those in between when disunity was prevalent and warfare frequent. The latter eras are called Intermediate Periods. This bibliography commences with Dynasties I and II, often called the Early State, and then follows on to the fully developed archaic state of the Old Kingdom, covering Dynasties III–VIII. Subsequent is the First Intermediate Period, which ended with the second unification of the Middle Kingdom (Dynasties XII–XIII). The Second Intermediate Period comes afterward, to be succeeded in turn by the New Kingdom (Dynasties XVIII–XX). That was the era of Egypt’s great empire in Asia (Palestine especially, but also southern Syria) and Nubia in the south up to the Fourth Cataract. A third period of disunity then occurred (Dynasties XXI–XXV). The Saite Period of Dynasty XXVI (664 bce–525 bce) is often recognized as the final epoch of a strong independent Egypt. But due to outside invasions, the Egyptians of the Delta came to rely upon northern Ionian mercenaries. This is particularly evident during the reign of the first Saite ruler, Psammetichus I (664 bce–610 bce), but became stable thereafter. Then came the domination of Persia, which, despite some independent royal houses, effectively concludes the history owing to Alexander the Great’s invasion of Egypt in 332 bce.

The Second Intermediate Period is exemplified by the division of Egypt into several dynasties. As current research proposes, those who held administrative control in the north were of Near Eastern origin, their power likely stemming from commercial ventures initiated in the preceding Middle Kingdom when dynamic trade networks spanned the region. The resulting cultural encounters were complex and multifaceted, with various groups and ideas crossing borders. Yet, shifts in power from the Twelfth Dynasty to the Second Intermediate Period would have feasibly affected such encounters. The evidence examined here focusses on Levantine elements in Nubia: the presence of people of Near Eastern ancestry and products of Levantine influence that crossed the southern borders of Egypt. It concludes with observations on shifts in the nature of these encounters, and how such shifts could be connected to other political and cultural developments associated with the fall of the Middle Kingdom and the beginning of the Second Intermediate Period.

Recent scholarly literature shows an increasing awareness of the necessity to synthesize multiple approaches when analysing mortuary data. An integrated approach is also followed in the present study, which examines two pottery types that are characteristic for the First Intermediate Period and early Middle Kingdom on the one hand, and for the more advanced Middle Kingdom on the other. By integrating information from the objects themselves and information derived from representations and texts, an attempt is made to relate the pottery vessels to rituals carried out before, at, or after the funeral. The first pottery type evaluated in the present article is a narrow pointed jar with funnel-shaped neck, mainly popular in the northern part of Egypt during the First Intermediate Period. An analysis of the fabric of examples from the Royal Museums of Art and History in Brussels combined with pictorial evidence on object friezes of Middle Kingdom coffins enables us to relate the vessel to purification rituals carried out in the ibw, the Purification Tent. The second type of vessel discussed here is a wide-mouthed jar in Marl C, often labelled as a 'zir' and occurring at a number of sites during the Middle Kingdom. By evaluating shape and fabric of the vessels, ink labels, and iconographic information on the containers we suggest that this type of vessel was used in ritual purifications. It is probably to be identified with the snw-vase, although vessels with other shapes are also sometimes labelled snw.

Introduction. The Ancient Near East 1. The origins of the civilisations of Egypt and Mesopotamia 2. The third millennium BC: Memphis, Sumer and Akkad, Egypt, the Old Kingdom (2600-2150), Mesopotamia: Sumer and Akkad, Epilogue 3. The second millennium: Thebes, Assur and Babylon (c. 2000-1600), Egypt, the Middle Kingdom (c. 2000-1800), Mesopotamia, The Old Assyrian empire (c.2000-1760), The Old Babylonian empire (c.1800-1600), The 'concert of powers' (c.1600-1200), Egypt, the New Kingdom (c.1550-1100), Babylonia and Assyria, Mitanni, The Hittite empire, Crete and Mycenae, International relations 4. The first millennium: Disruption and recovery (1200-750), Egypt, the Third Intermediate period (c. 100-715), Syria and the Phoenicians, Israel, The empires of the Levant (750 BC-AD 700), The Neo-Assyrian empire, The Neo-Babylonian empire, The Persian empire, The Hellenistic kingdoms, The Parthian empire, The Sasanian empire, The Roman empire, The Arabs 5. Religion, Polytheism, Henotheism and monotheism 6. Economy and Society, Agricultural economy, land tenure, 'Redistribution economy', Means of payment, Trade, Social organization 7. Government, Kingship, The administrative machinery, The army, GREECE 8. The Dark Ages, 1200-800 BC 9. The Archaic period, 800-500 BC, Introduction, Demographic and economic changes, The polis, Colonization, Social changes, Military changes, Cultural changes, The alphabet, Literature, The visual arts, Architecture, Religion, Philosophy, Political changes, Tyranny, Sparta, Athens 10. The Classical period, The Persian Wars, Sparta and Athens after 479 BC, The Delian League (477-404), Athenian leaders in the fifth century, Athens' state power income, The Great Peloponnesian War (431-404 BC), The years between 404 and 336 BC, The Second Athenian League (377-355), Social and military changes, The rise of Macedonia, Philip II (359-336): the end of the Classical period in Greek history, The Athenian population in the fifth and fourth centuries BC, The metics, The slaves, Women in Athens and Sparta, Further development of the Athenian democracy, The Council of the Areopagus in 462/1, Pericles, The democracy and the fleet, Old and new politicans, The stability of the Athenian democracy, Criticism of the Athenian democracy, Athens as the centre of Greek culture in the Classical period, Attic drama, Philosophy: the sophists, Rhetorical education, Socrates, Plato and Aristotle, Historical writing, Herodotus (c.485-425), Thucydides (c.460-400), Rhetorical historical writing, The Greeks in the Western Mediterranean 11. The Hellenistic era: Introduction, Alexander the Great, From Alexander to the Roman conquest, Greece, Athens and Sparta, Leagues of states in Greece, The Seleucid kingdom, The Ptolemaic kingdom, The government and the cities of the Hellenistic kingdoms, Economy and society, Greece, The Near East, Cultural aspects: general, Religion, Near Eastern religions, Philosophy and science, The impact of Hellenistic culture in

The Old and Middle Kingdoms together represent an important unitary phase in Egypt's political and cultural development. Divine kingship is the most striking feature of Egypt in these periods. In the form of great religious complexes centred on the pyramid tombs its cult was given monumental expression of a grandeur unsurpassed anywhere in the ancient Near East. Kerma in the Second Intermediate Period came to be an African counterpart of Byblos: an independent state beyond Egypt's political frontiers, with a court looking to Egypt as a source of sophisticated court fashion. If one considers the historical developments in Nubia in the Second Intermediate Period and the possibility that the position of Kush in the lists is a tribute to its political importance, then one might conclude that Kush was, from the outset, centred at Kerma. The implication is that Kush had emerged as a kingdom of considerable strength and importance, a counterpart to the Hyksos kingdom of the north.

The most lasting achievement of the German Egyptologist Heinrich Karl Brugsch (1827–94) is perhaps his work on the Egyptian demotic script, which had been relatively neglected since Champollion's death. This illustrated two-volume history of Egypt, 'derived entirely from the monuments', was first published in an English translation (by H. D. Seymour, from the 1876 first German edition, and edited by Philip Smith) in 1879. Brugsch brings to bear his wide experience of the archaeological sites together with his linguistic expertise, and deliberately eschews later Greek and Roman accounts of Egypt. Volume 1 gives a detailed survey of the physical environment of Egypt before considering the pre-dynastic period, and the emergence of Menes, the first known pharaoh. He then takes the narrative through the Old and Middle Kingdoms, and the intermediate period, to the emergence of the New Kingdom and the flowering and end of the Eighteenth Dynasty.

The Old and Middle Kingdoms together represent an important unitary phase in Egypt's political and cultural development. The Early Dynastic Period had seen the creation and consolidation of a type of government and court culture which, with the Third Dynasty, now reached levels of scale and competence marking the beginning of the plateau of achievement for ancient Egypt. After five centuries and following the end of the Sixth Dynasty (c. 2181 BC) the system appears to have faltered, and there seems to have ensued a century and a half of provincial assertion and civil war, the First Intermediate Period. But the re-establishment of powerful central government which followed, c. 2040 BC, seems to have been, with certain changes of nuance, the re-establishment of the patterns of the Old Kingdom. There is thus much to be said for treating certain important aspects of the Old and Middle Kingdoms together.

This study is the 8th of an article series dedicated to cross-cultural encounters (trade, emulation, colonization, conquest) as a primary cause of social and political change. Its purpose is to examine the complex relationship between Ancient Egypt and Nubia during the First Intermediate Period and Early Middle Kingdom (2200-1950 BC). The author of the present study see troubled times of the First Intermediate Period (political unrest, civil war, lack of central authority, emergence of local warlords, years of warfare and strife) as a stimulus of the colonization and the later conquest of Nubia. The Middle Kingdom, which emerged from the “chaos” of the First Intermediate Period, is marked by an increase in foreign trade and wealth. It‟s a return to classical order: The Egyptian state was reconsolidated. However, unlike the Old Kingdom, the new political elite pursued an agressive foreign policy, colonized Lower Nubia and undertook building projects including military fortresses and mining quarries

One of the most important advantages of LIBS that make it suitable for the analysis of archeological materials is that it is a quasi-nondestructive technique. Archeological mandibles excavated from Qubbet el Hawa Cemetery, Aswan, were subjected to elemental analysis in order to reconstruct the dietary patterns of the middle class of the Aswan population throughout three successive eras: the First Intermediate Period (FIP), the Middle Kingdom (MK), and the Second Intermediate Period (SIP). The bone Sr/Ca and Ba/Ca ratios were significantly correlated, so the Sr/Ca ratios are considered to represent the ante-mortem values. It was suggested that the significantly low FIP Sr/Ca compared to that of both the MK and the SIP was attributed to the consumption of unusual sorts of food and imported cereals during years of famine, while the MK Sr/Ca was considered to represent the amelioration of climatic, social, economic, and political conditions in this era of state socialism. The SIP Sr/Ca, which is nearly the same as that of the MK, was considered to be the reflection of the continuity of the individualism respect and state socialism and a reflection of agriculture conditions amelioration under the reign of the 17th Dynasty in Upper Egypt.

A small corpus of Gebel el-Girgawi inscriptions dated to the Middle Kingdom shows that the beginnings of the Daybook tradition may be placed as early as the First Intermediate Period. Grammatical constructions pertaining to the Daybook style are evidenced in expeditionary and military inscriptions as well as in other types of record keeping, and the presence of such constructions in these seemingly short and insignificant private rock inscriptions may in fact reflect the monumentalization of the diaries of private individuals. Examination of these Gebel el-Girgawi inscriptions also add to the study of benediction/malediction formulae in personal inscriptions outside of the mortuary realm. The use of malediction formula in these inscriptions provides important evidence for the evolution of the malediction/benediction formulae in a non-mortuary context: from its first applications in military and expeditionary graffiti, to its incorporation in royal boundary stelae of the Middle and New Kingdoms.

This chapter looks at three individuals who underwent apotheosis during the Middle Kingdom: Heqaib, Isi, and Wahka. Heqaib, Isi, and Wahka were venerated because they were remembered for the deeds they performed during life—such as Heqaib's reputation as a great warrior, or Isi's and Wahka's roles as local dignitaries and leaders. Thus, Middle Kingdom apotheosis can be generalized, on the basis of current evidence, as occurring uniquely in the provinces and typically (but not exclusively) numerous generations after the death of the deified dead in question. This delay, followed by a fully materialized display of divine status, was likely a reflex of the fact that the local temples became the primary locus of political display in the First Intermediate Period and Middle Kingdom. The deified dead of the Old Kingdom participated in Old Kingdom systems of power. Deified dead of the Middle Kingdom participated in Middle Kingdom hierarchies of power, which were situated in the local temples. Their articulation as gods, then, was much more explicit.

The term (Altenmuller, 1977) means supposedly having the power to avert evil influences or bad luck. Apotropaic Figures refer to a large group of protective deities. They were represented either in the form of a complete animal and human or a mixture of them holding knives, lizards and snakes. Their aim was to create a protective environment around the deceased body and repel evil away from it. Those protectors were known since the Middle Kingdom as represented on the ivory wands. During the New Kingdom, they were shown on the papyrus rolls, on the walls of some royal tombs or taking the form of a three – dimensional wooden sculpture. In the Third Intermediate Period and Late Period, those protective deities appeared again on the walls of royal and private coffins and sarcophagi as well as papyri. They sometimes appeared in the form of stone figures with different forms and numbers. The current research was undertaken to define on the so-called apotropaic deities in Ancient Egyptian conception; to focus on the function of apotropaic deities in Ancient Egyptian religion; to determine the various forms and numbers (Taylor, 2010) of apotropaic deities throughout the history of Egypt beginning with their first appearance during the Middle Kingdom; to refer to creatures and tools held by the hands of apotropaic deities and their religious significance; to follow the development of representing the apotropaic deities from just scenes to three – dimensional figures in the New Kingdom royal tombs; and to mention the material and color of apotropaic figures. The results revealed that since the Middle Kingdom until the end of the Egyptian history, apotropaic deities in all their forms were considered as the responsible deities of repelling evil away of the deceased mummy and creating protective surroundings. Apotropaic deities are carved in the form of wooden and stone statuettes with different poses such as sitting, squatting, standing as well as half – turning.