Social anxiety in people with facial palsy: The role of fear of negative evaluation and appearance-fixing behaviour.

Social anxiety and eating disorder comorbidity: The role of negative social evaluation fears

Acne vulgaris is a common, chronic skin diseaseassociated withinflammatory and non-inflammatory lesions, often leading to scarring. The disease causes detrimental effect on psychological, psychosocial and physical well beingresulting in social appearance anxiety as well as fear of negative evaluation in such individuals; however its impact in Indian population has not been adequately evaluated. Present study was, therefore, aimed at evaluating social appearance anxiety and fear of negative evaluation in college going students with acne vulgaris. The study included 130 college going studentsbetween 18 to 25 years of age with acne vulgaris. Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (Hart et al., 2008) and Brief Fear of Negative Evaluation (Leary, 1983) scale was used to evaluate social appearance anxiety and fear of negative evaluation respectively in individuals having acne from 3 months to more than 1 year. Both social appearance anxiety and fear of negative evaluation were positively correlated in all three-time periods. There was a significant difference in social appearance anxiety across three times, however there was no significant difference with respect to fear of negative evaluation during these periods. The study has thus shown that individuals suffering from acne vulgaris had social appearance anxiety and the fear of negative evaluation, which progressedwith the duration of the disease. Therefore, such individualsshould undergo psychological evaluation, and psychotherapeutic interventions along with pharmacological treatment of the disease. Also, the psychological evaluationand intervention should be an integral part of the treatment program.

Social anxiety and eating disorders are highly comorbid, suggesting there are shared vulnerabilities that underlie the development of these disorders. Two proposed vulnerabilities are fear of negative evaluation and social appearance anxiety (i.e., fear of negative evaluation regarding one's appearance). In the current experimental study (N=160 women) we measured these fears: (a) through a manipulation comparing fear conditions, (b) with trait fears, and (c) state fears. Results indicated that participants in the fear of negative evaluation condition increased food consumption, whereas participants in the social appearance anxiety condition and high in trait social appearance anxiety experienced the highest amounts of body dissatisfaction. Participants in the fear of evaluation and social appearance anxiety conditions experienced elevated social anxiety. These results support the idea that negative evaluation fears are shared vulnerabilities for eating and social anxiety disorders, but that the way these variables exert their effects may lead to disorder specific behaviors.

Social appearance anxiety, perfectionism, and fear of negative evaluation. Distinct or shared risk factors for social anxiety and eating disorders?

Social appearance anxiety and dietary restraint as mediators between perfectionism and binge eating: A six month three wave longitudinal study

This study is conducted by using a screening model with an eye to examine the fear of negative evaluation, and social appearance anxiety of sportsmen engaged in futsal. The research was carried out on teams which participated in the Futsal Competitions organized through Turkey University Sports Federation at Physical Education and Sports College of Ahi Evran University between April 01 and 05, 2014. The samples of the study consisted of a total of 145 volunteers of which 62 were females and 83 were males who participated in the competition. of Negative Evaluation Scale” developed through Leary and adapted to Turkish language by Cetin et al. and Social Appearance Anxiety Scale developed by Hart et al. and adapted to Turkish language and validity and reliability works carried out by DoAŸan were utilized as the research data collection tool. Descriptive statistical methods (n), percentage (%) were utilized to analyze the data frequency for personal information. Chi-square test was employed for evaluation of the scales. Results were assessed at 0.05 significance level. At the end of the research, it was found that women sportsmen have a greater fear of negative evaluation than men while significant correlation was not detected between other variables. The research result also has revealed the fact that sportsmen engaged in futsal had low social appearance anxiety and there was not a significant relationship between variables. Key words: Fear of negative evaluation, social appearance anxiety, sportsman.

The objective of this study was to explore the relationships between social appearance anxiety, problematic social media use (PSMU), selfitis behavior, and adaptable self through the application of a moderated-mediation model. In total, 804 social media users from T?rkiye (Mage = 30.45 ? 8.12; 61.9% women) completed the Bergen Social Media Addiction Scale, Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, Presentation of Online Self Scale, and Selfitis Behavior Scale. A parallel mediation model indicated that social appearance anxiety predicted PSMU. Further, selfitis behaviors and adaptable self mediated the effects of social appearance anxiety on PSMU. Lastly, adaptable self-moderated the relationship between social appearance anxiety and selfitis behaviors. The study suggests that social appearance anxiety can be considered a risk factor, and the adaptable self and selfities behavior may mitigate the effect of social media appearance anxiety on problematic social media use. These findings can inform the development of interventions and preventive strategies to reduce the psychopathological effects of social media addiction.

The effect of acne on quality of life, social appearance anxiety, and use of conventional, complementary, and alternative treatments

The aim of this study is to investigate Social Appearance Anxiety in university students according to gender, type of faculty, grade level, body weight and height. The present study was conducted on students of Sakarya University who were between the ages of 17 and 25. 247 of the participants were female and 256 were male. The social appearance anxiety scale filled in by 503 students was evaluated. T-test, one-way analysis of variance and LSD tests were used in statistical operations. In this study, the Social appearance anxiety scale score was found to be slightly lower in women than in men in the comparison made by gender. This difference did not show a statistically significant difference according to gender (p>0.05). The social appearance anxiety score differs statistically significantly according to the type of education and training faculties (p<0.001). Social appearance anxiety changes significantly according to education level (p<0.001). It was found that the students who were satisfied with their body weight and height had lower social appearance anxiety than the students who were not satisfied. Social appearance anxiety varies according to height and body weight category (p<0.001). In conclusion, social appearance anxiety was found to be similar according to gender in this study. It differed according to the field of study of the students. The social appearance anxiety levels of the students receiving sports education are the lowest. Anxiety levels of students who receive art education are higher than those who receive sports education. The social appearance anxiety of the students who did not receive sports and art education is the highest. In order to reduce social appearance anxiety, students should be supported in sports and art education and practice. Keywords: University student, Social Appearance Anxiety, Sports, Education, Age and Height

Systemic sclerosis (SSc) is an autoimmune disease that can cause disfiguring changes in appearance. This study examined the structural validity, internal consistency reliability, convergent validity, and measurement equivalence of the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) across SSc disease subtypes. Patients enrolled in the Scleroderma Patient-centered Intervention Network Cohort completed the SAAS and measures of appearance-related concerns and psychological distress. Confirmatory factor analysis (CFA) was used to examine the structural validity of the SAAS. Multiple-group CFA was used to determine whether SAAS scores can be compared across patients with limited and diffuse disease subtypes. Cronbach's alpha was used to examine internal consistency reliability. Correlations of SAAS scores with measures of body image dissatisfaction, fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety, and depression were used to examine convergent validity. SAAS scores were hypothesized to be positively associated with all convergent validity measures, with correlations significant and moderate to large in size. A total of 938 patients with SSc were included. CFA supported a 1-factor structure (Comparative Fit Index 0.92, Standardized Root Mean Residual 0.04, and Root Mean Square Error of Approximation 0.08), and multiple-group CFA indicated that the scalar invariance model best fit the data. Internal consistency reliability was good in the total sample (α = 0.96) and in disease subgroups. Overall, evidence of convergent validity was found with measures of body image dissatisfaction, fear of negative evaluation, social anxiety, and depression. The SAAS can be reliably and validly used to assess fear of appearance evaluation in patients with SSc, and SAAS scores can be meaningfully compared across disease subtypes.

Many people are worried about their social appearance. The fear of negative evaluation and judgment regarding one’s look in social circumstances is referred to as social appearance anxiety. Social appearance anxiety belongs to social anxiety. The aim of the present study was to validate the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) in the Greek language and to examine its psychometric properties. An online survey was conducted in a Greek population sample of adolescents and young adults aged 18 to 35 years. The survey instruments included the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale, the Social Physique Anxiety Scale (SPAS), 2 subscales of Multidimensional Body-Self Relations Questionnaire Appearance Scale (MBSRQ), the Appearance Schemas Inventory-Revised Scale (ASI-R) and the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale (DASS). A total of 429 respondents participated in this research. The statistical analysis showed that the Greek version of the SAAS has good psychometric properties. The internal consistency of questions within the SAAS was 0.942. Positive correlations were found between SAAS and SPAS, the overweight preoccupation subscale of MBSRQ, the ASI-R and the DASS, while negative correlations were observed between SAAS and the appearance evaluation subscale of MBSRQ and age. The results of this study suggest that the Greek version of SAAS can be used as a reliable and valid instrument in the Greek population

Social appearance anxiety is an unexplored concept in eating disorders (ED). It refers to social anxiety surrounding overall appearance, including body shape, and fear of negative evaluation by others. It is potentially relevant to those with bulimia nervosa (BN) as both social anxiety and body image disturbance are commonly experienced by patients. Thirty women with BN and forty healthy controls (HC) completed the Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS), a 16-item self-report questionnaire. ED cognitions and behaviours were assessed with the Eating Disorders Examination-Questionnaire. Women with BN have significantly higher SAAS scores than HC (z=-6.79, p<0.001). In BN, SAAS scores show significant positive correlation with global ED subscales and dietary restraint. In HC, SAAS scores are correlated with shape, weight, eating concern, and global eating disturbance subscales. Preliminary findings suggest the SAAS is potentially useful in future research concerning overall risk factors for eating disturbance and treatment outcome in BN.

Background:Appearance anxiety means discomfort in social interactions due to changes in appearance. Also this anxiety; it is the fear of being evaluated negatively and worry about the changes in appearance, and it is not only apparent. Body image is the emotions, thoughts and perceptions of the individual about his or her own body and directly affects self-esteem. The Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) was developed to assess social appearance anxiety, and this scale was found to be a valid and reliable scale in scleroderma (SSc) patients. It was also thought to be related to the severity of the disease. The literature shows that appearance concerns are strongly related to depression in patients with rheumatic disease and should be evaluated routinely.Objectives:The first aim of the study is to determine the level of social appearance anxiety in rheumatology patients, and our last goal is to investigation of the relationship between social appearance anxiety and disease duration, self-esteem, depression and anxiety.Methods:129 rheumatology patients with a mean age of 42.96 ± 11.33 years (51 men, 78 women) were included in the study. 55% of patients were ankylosing spondylitis (AS), 15.5% of patients were sjögren syndrome (SS), 11.6% of patients were rheumatoid arthritis (RA), 7.8% of patients were fibromyalgia syndrome (FMS), 6.2% of patients were SSc, 2.3% of patients were Behçet’s disease (BD) and 1.6% were diagnosed with psoriatic arthritis (PsA). The Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS) was used to evaluate patients’ social appearance anxiety, the Rosenberg Self-Esteem Scale (RSES) was used to evaluate self-esteem, and the Hospital Anxiety and Depression Scale (HADS) was used to evaluate depression and anxiety.Results:The disease duration was found to be 6.82 ± 5.22 years. The SAAS average was found to be 43.23 ± 20.53 points. It was found that the SAAS values of patients with PsA and SSc were higher than patients with AS, RA, FMS, SS, BD. A moderate positive correlation was found between SAAS and disease duration, depression and anxiety (p: 0.048, r: 0.545; p: 0.007, r: 0.638; p: 0.014, r: 0.749, respectively).Conclusion:As a result of the study, it was observed that rheumatology patients had moderate and high level social appearance anxiety. We thought that they have a higher level of social appearance anxiety because of skin involvement in patients with with PsA and SSc. In addition, as a result of the study, we found that as the social appearance anxiety increased, disease duration, depression and anxiety increased. According to this study, in which the preliminary results are given, we thought that it is necessary to determine patients’ appearance anxiety in routine evaluation and to reduce social appearance anxiety by collaboration with multidisciplinary areas in rheumatological diseases.

Aim: In this study, it was aimed to examine the effect of being planned pregnancy and number of pregnancies on the social appearance anxiety level of pregnant women.Material and Method: Cross-sectional nature of the sample of the research conducted in a public hospital in eastern Turkey has created 426 pregnant women who were admitted for routine examination. The data were collected using “Personal Information Form” and “Social Appearance Anxiety Scale (SAAS)”. In statistical evaluation; In addition to descriptive statistics (number, percentage, mean, standard deviation, min-max), Cronbach’s alpha, pearson correlation, chi-square and independent groups t test were used.Results: In this study, it was determined that social appearance anxiety during pregnancy was not affected by the number of pregnancies, but women who had an unplanned pregnancy had a higher level of social appearance anxiety compared to women who had a planned pregnancy (p=0.008). In addition, it was found that primary school graduates had a significantly higher level of social appearance anxiety than high school and university graduates (p=0.009). It was observed that as the age and gestational week of the pregnant increased, their social appearance anxiety levels decreased significantly (p=0.002; p=0.039, respectively). It was determined that pregnant women whose income was less than their expenses had a higher level of social appearance anxiety compared to pregnant women with a traditional family structure compared to those with a nuclear family structure (p= 0.036; p=0.008, respectively).Conclusion: In this study, social appearance anxiety in pregnant women was not affected by the number of pregnancies. However, social appearance anxiety was experienced more in unplanned pregnancies and social appearance anxiety during pregnancy was affected by age, educational status, economic status, family structure and gestational week.

The purpose of this study is to examine the effect of psychoeducation program, prepared for decreasing social appearance anxiety of high school students, on social appearance anxiety level of adolescents. In this study, an experimental model with pretest-posttest measurement and control group was used. The independent variable of the study was the psychoeducation program was applied only on experimental group between pretest and posttest. On the other hand, the dependent variable was the social appearance anxiety levels of the adolescents. The population of the study consisted of 300 high school students, whereas the sample of the study consisted of 40 students including 20 in the experimental group and 20 in the control group, all of whom received the high scores from the social appearance scale. In the study The data concerning the dependent variable were obtained by using “Social Appearance Anxiety Scale”. A seven-session psychoeducation program for decreasing the social appearance anxiety of the students was prepared and carried out for the experimental application. The program to be applied on the experimental group was structured on the principles of Cognitive Behaviorist Approach and the basis of Social Skills Training. The hypotheses of the study were tested through the nonparametric statistical tests. While Mann Whitney U test was used for the unrelated measurements, Wilcoxon Signed Rank Test was used for related samples. As a result of the results of the study, it was found that the applied Psychoeducation Program for Decreasing the Social Appearance Anxiety decreased the social appearance anxiety levels of the students included in the experimental group.