Sobreviviendo en la informalidad: un análisis mixto de las condiciones socioeconómicas y la exclusión en el centro de Neiva

Oil palm plantations are the backbone of the Malaysian economy, since day immemorial. When you look into the past, the workers in the oil palm plantations were dominated by Indian and Chinese communities.Later due to the sigma associate with oil palm plantations jobs viz., dirty, dangerous and distance, the Indians and Chinese workers moved away from the oil palm work and they were replaced by Indonesians and Philippines.These foreign workers whom having the legal and illegal status under enforcement in Malaysia, have been living in remotely located inhabitations engaging in ‘dirty, dangerous and distance’ wise oil palm plantations.Though the larger oil palm plantation companies ensure minimum living and working conditions for the foreign workers, vastly located small holding plantations never follow such minimum and fair working environment. These
\nconditions to be correlated with the term “precarious working conditions’ in small holding oil palm plantations.Due to lack of availability of the locals to engage in oil palm work, the plantations have to depend on foreign workers do all these ‘dirty, dangerous and distance’ workers in oil palm plantations.Except a few literature
\navailable from Amnesty international and local NGOs, there is less evidence to prove the existence of such exploitative working conditions in oil palm plantations. In order to explore precarious working conditions in oil palm plantations thus a qualitative research study is conducted in the Sabah region of the Eastern Part of Malaysia.The study followed, triangulation method through interviews with the migrated foreign workers, (legal and illegal), focus group discussions and Delphi technique with the identification of experts in the field to arrive
\nat the factors and categories related to the theme ‘precarious working conditions’ in oil palm plantations.The outcome of the study fixes the variables that need to be concentrated for a higher level research through quantitative research.

Performing the Precarious. Economic Crisis in European and Japanese Theatre (René Pollesch, Toshiki Okada) Prof. Dr. Katharina Pewny (bio) In the last decade, the “precarious” – meaning the uncertain, unstable – was conceived as a theoretical concept in philosophy, sociology, and art theory. The changing working conditions in the New Economy, the worldwide economic crash in the autumn of 2008 and the increasing poverty are frequently staged in contemporary theatre, performance, and dance. Texts and stagings of Berlin-based author and director René Pollesch and Hot Pepper, Air Conditioner and the Farewell Speech (2009) by Tokyo-based author and director Toshiki Okada are performances of the precarious that stabilize the unstable ground of precariousness, at least temporarily. 1. Academic and Activist Discourses on the Precarious The word “precarious” can be traced back to the French adjective précaire, which in turn originates from the Latin word precarius, meaning “sensitive, difficult” (Pewny 2009:30–47[? 2011? ein 2009 ist nicht angegeben, DF). In 2004, Judith Butler launched an influential discourse on vulnerability as a human ontology of precariousness (Butler 2004). Her thoughts have been referenced in theatre and dance studies and in performances that deal with war and other traumatic events (Burt 2008). The term “precarious”, as it has been developed in activist and sociological discourses, includes several aspects. It embraces human vulnerability arising from unsecured, precarious working conditions within current economic developments, as well as bodily vulnerability. A person living under precarious conditions is subjected to changes within her working and living conditions that she does not have power over. Despite all their political, social, and economic differences, the “multiple loci of Europe” (Chakrabarty 2000:17) provide comparatively wealthy and secure contexts of living—at least for those who hold a European passport. However, the economic shift from Fordism to post-Fordism from the 1970 s onwards set a destabilization of living and working conditions in motion. An increasing number of people, also from what was formerly known as the “middle class”, conduct free-lance work and therefore live under precarious conditions (Bologna 2006:97–106). Precarious working and living conditions can mean discontinuities of income, of social security, of legal status, and thus of planning one’s life and future. Unstable working situations, such as part-time employment and free-lance work, are thus being called “precarious” work. For the most part, precarious work is not backed by institutional resources and power mechanisms and it also lacks institutional rites de passages such as celebrations for starting a new job, work anniversaries, and retirement. Changes in precarious working situations have to be experienced and lived through individually rather than collectively. Precarity is a new norm that has moved from the peripheries of (European) societies to their centres. Many temporary work situations demand skills traditionally important for work in the arts, such as creativity, [End Page 43] excellent self-performativity and flexibility. This is an aspect of the dialectic entanglement that art and work have been engaged in since the early 1990 s: aspects of free time and “play” increasingly enter the working environment of the New Economy (Haunschild 2009:153). The theatre, in particular, has become paradigmatic for precarious working and living conditions. Because “play” differentiates the performing arts from other art forms, “the connection of play and work in the theatre serves as an exemplary standard” (ibid. 154). Simultaneously, there are increasing demands on those working in the arts and especially theatre to conform to the laws of the market. Therefore, the work of theatre makers and performers serves as a model of precarious working life, not only for other freelance academics, cultural workers, and artists in the New Economy, but also far beyond that. Consequently, people living under precarious conditions have started to discuss their living and working situations in publications, in visual media, on the Internet, and at public gatherings. The French writers Anne and Marine Rambach’s book Les Intellos précaires initiated debates on precariousness in 2001 (Rambach 2001). They spread rapidly from France to other Midand Western European countries such as Germany, Spain, and Italy. In 2003, the German-Swiss theorist and artist collective Kleines postfordistisches Drama released the video Kamera läuft (Camera rolling, in...

This paper analyzes the relationship between informal housing and labor informality at the intraurban level, considering these two phenomena' simultaneity and spatial dimensions. Our analysis focuses on the context of a city in a developing country, Medellín (Colombia), characterized by significant housing precariousness and low employment quality, where space seems to play an essential role in understanding this relationship. Using data from 176 analytical regions in Medellín for 2017, we estimate a series of spatial simultaneous equation models that consider the potential cross-equation correlations in the error terms. The results show that these two types of urban informality are highly persistent in space, with noticeable spatial clusters observed in the peripheral and marginalized areas of the city. Additionally, the estimated econometric models reveal that precarious working conditions are key to explaining the spatial choice of housing and its characteristics, and vice versa. These findings emphasize the need for place-based policies that specifically target disadvantaged areas and help improve residents' working and housing conditions to address urban informality.

BackgroundThe majority of Western women work during their reproductive years, but past research has often neglected the influence of work-related factors on postpartum mental health. Especially postpartum depression (PPD) is an enormous psychological burden for mothers. Therefore, this study aims to investigate the prospective impact of precarious working conditions and psychosocial work stress during pregnancy (such as work-privacy conflict and effort-reward imbalance at the job) on symptoms of maternal PPD.MethodsIn the prospective-longitudinal cohort study DREAM (DResdner Studie zu Elternschaft, Arbeit und Mentaler Gesundheit), N = 587 employed women were questioned about their work during pregnancy and their mental health 8 weeks after delivery.ResultsMultiple regression analyses revealed that work-privacy conflict, low reward at work, and precarious working conditions significantly predicted symptoms of PPD, even when controlling for lifetime depression, anxiety, education, parity, and age.ConclusionOur results indicate that psychosocial work stress and precarious working conditions have important implications for maternal peripartum mental health. They might act as prospective risk factors for PPD during the period of maternal leave. Hence, future research should focus on preventative measures targeting work life.

BackgroundPsychosocial work factors significantly influence both organisational and worker health. Poor management of these factors can create precarious working conditions, risking drivers’ health. This review maps evidence on the health impact of these factors and health interventions targeting the working conditions and unhealthy habits of commercial drivers.MethodThe search was conducted in four main databases (PubMed, Central, JSTOR and Dimensions Ai) and other sources like Google Scholar. In All, 28,039 articles were retrieved and through a rigorous screening process, 68 records were included in this scoping review.ResultsThis review found that drivers work in precarious conditions like long driving hours, low job resources and social support, low job control, poor remuneration, workplace abuse and sexual harassment, work-family conflict, lone driving hour, irregular shift work, lack or insufficient breaks during work hours and difficult access to social protection and sanitation facilities. These precarious working conditions may expose drivers to mental health issues, cardiovascular diseases, HIV/AIDs, stroke, chronic fatigue, kidney and bladder issues and musculoskeletal pains. Most health promotion interventions target behaviour at the individual level, such as the benefits of a healthy diet and exercise, with little effort to improving working conditions.ConclusionEmployers in the road transport sector need to implement health promotion interventions that focus on drivers’ well-being. Additionally, improving working conditions and enforcing occupational health and safety standards in the road transport sector are essential for creating a safe and healthy workplace for all commercial drivers.

Within the EU-27, Italy is one of the countries with the highest levels of inequality and intergenerational transmission of disadvantage. This paper aims to verify the effect that different conditions of vulnerability, such as a low socio-economic family background (SEB) and a prolonged period in the school-work transition, have on individuals’ future careers. The analysis is based on a dataset obtained by matching the EU-SILC data with the administrative archives of the National Institute of Social Security. We measured the determinants of the duration of the waiting time to the first job (STWT). The Cox survival function shows that growing up in a disadvantaged family context strongly increases the probability of longer STWT. We also explore the effects of this duration, combined with the family socio-economic background, on the subsequent ten years of job career. A longer STWT increases the probability of experiencing longer spells of unemployment or inactivity, leading to more precarious working conditions. The relationship is complex and non-linear, with a diminishing negative impact on career stability as STWT duration increases, especially for individuals with high SEB.

Knowledge about Machine Learning is becoming essential, yet it remains a restricted privilege that may not be available to students from a low socio-economic status background. Thus, in order to provide equal opportunities, we taught ML concepts and applications to 158 middle and high school students from a low socio-economic background in Brazil. Results show that these students can understand how ML works and execute the main steps of a human-centered process for developing an image classification model. No substantial differences regarding class periods, educational stage, and sex assigned at birth were observed. The course was perceived as fun and motivating, especially to girls. Despite the limitations in this context, the results show that they can be overcome. Mitigating solutions involve partnerships between social institutions and university, an adapted pedagogical approach as well as increased on-by-one assistance. These findings can be used to guide course designs for teaching ML in the context of underprivileged students from a low socio-economic status background and thus contribute to the inclusion of these students.

Institutions cannot ignore the need for the sustainable employability of people. This study aimed to investigate the sustainable employability of special education teachers from the perspective of employment precariousness, capabilities, and functioning (flourishing and intention to leave) of special education teachers in Namibia. Using a cross-sectional survey design, teachers (n = 200) across seven Namibia regions took part in this study. The Precarity Position Profile, Capability for Work Questionnaire, Flourishing at Work Questionnaire, and Intention to Leave Questionnaire were administered. The results showed that precarious employment was negatively associated with the capability set and with flourishing (emotional, psychological, and social well-being) and positively associated with intention to leave. Low job insecurity and the capability set were associated with emotional well-being. Moreover, low job insecurity, professional development, and the capability set were associated with psychological well-being. Furthermore, precarious work conditions, job insecurity, low professional development, and low scores on the capability set were associated with low social well-being. Precarious work conditions and low scores on the capability set were associated with teachers’ intentions to leave. Two dimensions of precarious employment, namely salary and precarious work conditions, indirectly affected teachers’ emotional, psychological, and social well-being via the capability set.

ObjectivesThis study examined the relationships between work stressors (i.e., precarious work conditions, customer incivility, fast work pace, and job insecurity) and their relations with job satisfaction and emotional exhaustion among platform drivers in mainland China. In addition, we tested whether psychological capital (PsyCap) moderated the hypothesized relationships.Methods2539 platform drivers (Men = 2244; Women = 295, Mean age = 28.18, SD = 6.38) in Mainland China were recruited.ResultsWork stressors were positively related to emotional exhaustion but negatively associated with job satisfaction. Regarding the hypothesized moderating effect, PsyCap moderated the association between precarious work conditions and fast work pace in predicting job satisfaction. Furthermore, PsyCap also interacted with precarious work conditions, job insecurity, and customer incivility in predicting emotional exhaustion.ConclusionThe occupational well-being of platform drivers was significantly related to their working conditions. PsyCap is a salient factor that alleviates the negative work stressors that affect these outcomes.

Nannies are paid childcare providers employed in private households. In Northeastern cities, they vary by many personal characteristics, including race, ethnicity, immigrant status, and education. This study compares the identity work of two groups of nannies: one composed of immigrant women of color and the other composed mainly of US-born white women. Building upon existing research on the difference between precarious work and precarious working conditions in domestic work, this study finds that immigrant women of color respond to disrespect and discrimination by defending the respectability of their work and their personal dignity. In contrast, US-born and white women respond to the stigma of doing socially devalued work by distancing themselves from their work. The implications of workers’ agency and identity on organizing and social movements are considered.

Background Mobile apps offer a potentially effective approach to support healthier food behaviours if adequately designed and informed by behaviour change theory. Individuals from a lower socioeconomic background often report unhealthier dietary patterns and consequently may benefit from a mobile app intervention supporting healthier food behaviours. However, there is limited evidence available on the use of mobile health apps in this group. Previous work suggests that a reasonable standard of health and nutrition literacy is required for effective use of existing healthy eating mobile apps but this knowledge is often low in those from a lower socioeconomic background. Consequently, it is unclear if existing mobile apps are appropriate for this population group. The aim of this study is to explore the experiences of women from a lower socioeconomic background when using healthy eating mobile apps and the individual-level and mobile-specific factors that influence their experiences. Methods A purposive sample of 15 women from a lower socioeconomic background and aged between 18–50 years were selected to participate. Participants completed a questionnaire assessing nutrition knowledge before using the assigned mobile apps. A total of three mobile apps were assessed in this study and were of varying quality in relation to nutrition content, behaviour change and user quality. Each participant was assigned to use two different mobile apps and used each for one week only. Assignment order was randomised. After the two-week period, semi-structured interviews were conducted with participants to discuss their experiences. Interviews were audio-recorded, transcribed verbatim, and analysed using a thematic analysis approach. Results Preliminary analysis suggests that overall mobile app quality is adequate but there is a need to improve the customisability of mobile apps to ensure they fit users’ needs. The food lives of participants vary and mobile apps need to be flexible to reflect this variety for integration of mobile apps into everyday life. The language used in a mobile app was a reason for discontinuing use as it was not clearly understood by users or was viewed as irrelevant. Conclusion Existing mobile apps may support healthier food behaviours in women from a lower socioeconomic background but changes in design may be required. A user-centred approach is recommended where users from a lower socioeconomic background are engaged at all stages of the design process. This may improve their relevance to this population group and increase their effectiveness in supporting healthier food behaviours.

Today, in any area, one can observe signs of labor precarization, which are the result of any changes (crisis, pandemic, etc.), both positive and negative. One of these changes concerns, first of all, the social and labor sphere, where the key player is the employee with his attitude to work. That, in turn, influences the formation of human resources. For example, a positive attitude towards any changes in the environment can lead to the formation of powerful potential with a highly qualified workforce and vice versa. The work clearly presents the results of a comparative analysis of the "ideal" and "average" portrait of a scientific and pedagogical worker (SPW) according to the data of job portals on the labor market of the Sverdlovsk region, as well as the results of a survey by the SPW of three Ural universities. The aim of the work was to study the influence of precarious conditions not only on the portrait of modern teaching staff, but also on the personnel potential of universities. The object and subject of the study were the scientific and pedagogical workers of Russian universities and the conditions for the precarization of scientific and pedagogical work (respectively). Proceeding from the goal, the following tasks were set: first, to study the approaches to the concept, content and conditions of labor precarization in scientific works of Russian and domestic authors; secondly, to carry out a comparative analysis of the “average” and “ideal” portraits of the SPW; thirdly, to assess the personnel potential of Russian universities and the level of satisfaction of the teaching staff in precarious working conditions. Based on the results of a comparative analysis of portraits and a survey of the teaching staff, a portrait of the modern teaching staff was obtained. Assessment of job satisfaction made it possible to determine the dependence of survival in precarious conditions due to the high level of involvement of the teaching staff in scientific and pedagogical work. Based on the results of the work, the author proposed an assessment and use of the potential of student youth in order to attract them to scientific and pedagogical activities, taking into account the behavioral roles of the teaching staff that are established in modern conditions.

Workplace safety in the decommissioning of flexible pipelines from offshore oil and gas production platforms has traditionally been analyzed based on occupational health and safety indicators. However, this quantitative approach often conceals the actual working conditions in the unloading and dismantling activities of these materials. The dismantling of the pipelines integrates a developing productive ecosystem, involving companies and cooperatives that operate under intense competition and low profitability, resulting in precarious working conditions. Objective: The study aims to analyze working conditions in the unloading and dismantling processes of flexible pipelines, expanding the focus beyond indicators and discussing strategies that promote a fairer and safer production model, aligned with the Sustainable Development Goals (SDGs). Methodology: The research uses a qualitative and exploratory approach, combined with field observation. Based on the principles of Activity Ergonomics, working conditions were analyzed both in unloading at the port and in the dismantling of flexible pipes at a recycling company. Results: The results indicate that safety in the post-decommissioning phases is often treated superficially, disregarding the concrete working conditions at ports and recycling centers. Discussion: Recycling companies operate with low profit margins and precarious conditions, highlighting the need for support from oil companies to ensure a more sustainable ecosystem with decent work. Conclusion: The adoption of a cooperative model and the revision of economic incentives are crucial for balancing occupational safety and economic viability. Ergonomics, integrated with a reevaluation of the economic model, can contribute to the consolidation of a sustainable and socially responsible production model.

BackgroundLower socioeconomic status is associated with poorer wellbeing among children. Identifying how children participate in after-school activities and how after-school activities are associated with wellbeing may inform interventions to improve wellbeing among children from low socioeconomic backgrounds. This study explored whether children’s after-school activities varied by socioeconomic status and examined the associations between after-school activities and wellbeing in low socioeconomic status children.MethodsThis study analysed cross-sectional data from 61,759 school students in years 4 to 9 who completed the 2018 South Australian Wellbeing and Engagement Collection. Students reported the number of days per week they participated in 12 activities (after-school care, homework, music lessons or practice, youth organisations, sports, television, videogames, social media, reading, chores, arts and crafts, and socialising with friends) during the after-school period (3-6 pm) and their wellbeing (happiness, sadness, worry, engagement, perseverance, optimism, emotion regulation, and life satisfaction). Socioeconomic status was measured by parents' highest education level obtained from school enrolment data. Linear multilevel models were used to examine whether frequency of after-school activities varied by socioeconomic status. Multilevel ordered logit models were used to analyse the association between after-school activities and wellbeing amongst participants in the low socioeconomic status category.ResultsAfter-school activities differed according to socioeconomic status; high socioeconomic status children did more frequent sport, homework, and reading and low socioeconomic status children did more frequent screen-based activities (TV, videogames and social media). Among children from low socioeconomic status backgrounds, higher wellbeing was associated most consistently with more frequent sports participation, homework, reading and spending time with friends and less frequent videogames, social media and after-school care.ConclusionsChildren's wellbeing is positively associated with socioeconomic status. Amongst children from disadvantaged backgrounds, participating in sport, spending time with friends and getting less screen time may be protective for wellbeing. The results suggest that programming targeted at increasing sports participation and reducing screen time amongst children from low socioeconomic status backgrounds may support their wellbeing.

This article examines the conceptual frames that might be used to consider the success and achievement of students from low socio-economic status in Australian higher education. Based on an examination of key literature from Australia, New Zealand, the United Kingdom and North America, it is argued that Australia should avoid adopting either a deficit conception of students from low socio-economic backgrounds or a deficit conception of the institutions into which they will move. Further, rather than it being the primary responsibility of the student or of the institution to change to ensure the success of these students, it is argued that the adjustments necessary to ensure achievement for students from low socio-economic backgrounds in Australian higher education would be most usefully conceptualised as a ‘joint venture’ toward bridging socio-cultural incongruity.