Smoking and Hormone-Related Disorders

Abstract

RESULTS FROM THREE PROSPECTIVE STUDIES: Smoking and oestrogen-related sites - data from American cancer studies Smoking and hormone-related disorders in the Nurses' Health Study Effects of cigarette smoking on 'hormone-related' diseases in a Southern Californian retirement community SMOKING, THE MENOPAUSE, AND THE BENIGN REPRODUCTIVE DISORDERS: Cigarette smoking and age at natural menopause Hyperemesis gravidarum, uterine fibroids, and endometriosis: effects of cigarette smoking on risk Cigarette smoking and benign breast cancer SMOKING AND OSTEOPOROSIS: Smoking and osteoporosis Cigarette smoking and skin atrophy in women - a possible connection? Smoking and prostatic hypertrophy Smoking and inflammatory bowel disease Smoking and PArkinson's disease SMOKING AND HORMONE-RELATED CANCERS: Cigarette smoking and the incidence of endometrial cancer Cigarette smoking and cancer of the breast Cigarette smoking and cancer of the large bowel MECHANISMS: HORMONAL DIFFERENCES IN SMOKERS AND NON-SMOKERS: Smoking and endogenous sex hormones in men and women Increased oxidative metabolism of oestrogens in male and female smokers The effect of smoking on hormone levels in vivo and steroid hormone biosynthesis in vitro. MECHANISMS: HORMONES OF POSSIBLE RELEVANCE TO SMOKING-RELATED DISEASES: Oestrogens and smoking-related disease: theoretical considerations Hormonal factors and cancers of the endometrium and breast MECHANISMS: THE ROLE OF NICOTINE AND OTHER AGENTS IN TOBACCO SMOKE: Influence of nicotine and other components of tobacco smoke on oestradiol metabolism Oestrogen 2-hydroxylation in rat and human liver SUMMARY AND IMPLICATIONS: Smoking and hormone-related disorders: a summary of the evidence with implications for public health policy and future research.