Smartphone Use and Loneliness Among Female University Students

IntroductionSmartphone usage has become commonplace and impact on sleep quality among adolescents. Adolescent girls have a greater tendency toward sleep quality problems. However, relationship of sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors in female junior college students has not been studied.ObjectivesThis study had the two goals: to investigate the relationship between female college students' sleep quality, smartphone dependence, and health-related behaviors, and to identify predictors of sleep quality.MethodsThis study employed a cross-sectional research approach to gather 409 subjects at a junior college in southern Taiwan, and used a structured questionnaire to collect data. The questionnaire consisted of four parts: basic demographic data, the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index, assessment of smartphone dependence, and the Health Promoting Lifestyle Profile (HPLP). Logistic regression analysis was employed to check for any association between sleep quality and smartphone dependence or HPLP.ResultsSleep quality was significantly associated with degree of smartphone dependence, total HPLP score, and scores on the four HPLP subscales of nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior. The lower the subjects' degree of smartphone dependence was, the better their sleep quality was. Furthermore, the degree of smartphone dependence and total HPLP score were significant predictors of sleep quality.ConclusionsSmartphone dependence is associated with poor sleep quality among female college students. Improving health-related behaviors (nutritional behavior, self-actualization, interpersonal support, and stress management behavior) can also promote improvement in sleep quality.

Introduction: Pregnancy-related anxiety leads to some negative maternal and fetal complications. Determining prenatal and natal anxiety and associated factors can help identify high-risk women who need intervention during pregnancy and develop early intervention strategies. The aim of this study is to determine pregnancy-related, and trait anxiety in the prenatal period and its affecting factors. Methods: This cross-sectional and descriptive study was conducted with 245 pregnant women in the obstetrics clinic of a tertiary healthcare institution between March and August 2022. The sociodemographic, obstetric, and internet use of the participants were questioned. Pregnancy-related anxiety was assessed by using Pregnancy-Related Anxiety Questionnaire-Revised-2 (PRAQ-R2), and trait anxiety was assessed by using State–Trait Anxiety Inventory-I (STAI-II). Results: Pregnant women’s mean scale score for STAI (trait) was 45.54 ± 6.32, for PRAQ-R2 total score was 27.80 ± 8.32, for PRAQ- Fear of giving birth score was 10.12 ± 3.92, PRAQ- Worries about bearing a physically or mentally handicapped child score was 10.44 ± 4.11, and PRAQ- Concern about own appearance score was 7.24 ± 2.86. Pregnancy-related Anxiety Scale score was higher in nulliparous than multiparous (p=0.002) and 30-35 age groups than others (p=0.014). Having a chronic disease is related to a higher anxiety score (p=0.028). Trait anxiety scores were higher in nulliparous (p=0.005), those with low income, those with chronic diseases (p=0.032), and those with a history of children with congenital diseases (p=0.013). Anxiety scores were higher in pregnant women who used the internet as a source of information about pregnancy (p=0.002), and those who use the internet more (p=0.023). There was a significant positive correlation between STAI (trait) anxiety and PRAQ total score ( r:0.292, p<0.001 ), PRAQ- Fear of giving birth (r:0.145, p=0.024), PRAQ- Worries about bearing a physically or mentally handicapped child (r:0.270, p<0.001), and PRAQ- Concern about own appearance (r:0.254, p=<0.001). Conclusion: Pregnancy-related anxiety was higher in nulliparous, 30-35 age groups, having a chronic disease, husbands' high education status, and having trait anxiety. Information obtained from the internet and the time spent on the internet are associated with increased pregnancy anxiety. Future studies should focus more on predicting factors affecting pregnancy-related anxiety and estimating risks for pregnant women.

Impact of preprocedural anxiety levels on pain perception in patients undergoing office hysteroscopy

Uterine Contraction Frequency at the Time of Embryo Transfer (ET) Is Correlated With Anxiety Levels

the present study examines the relationship between state anxiety, trait anxiety, and social anxiety among students enrolled in a private university in South lima.the research design employed was correlational, utilizing a nonexperimental cross-sectional approach.the sample consisted of 449 male and female university students, aged 18 to 30, enrolled in psychology and law programs from the third to eleventh cycle.the participants completed an online survey utilizing two validated instruments: the State-trait anxiety inventory (Stai) and the Social anxiety Questionnaire for adults (caSo-a30).Descriptive and inferential statistics were employed for the purpose of data analysis.the findings indicated a stronger correlation between state anxiety and social anxiety than between trait anxiety and social anxiety.the mean scores for state anxiety and trait anxiety were both moderate, with trait anxiety exhibiting a slightly higher mean score.approximately 29.84% of students reported high levels of state anxiety, while 25.39% reported high levels of trait anxiety.Significant differences were observed in anxiety levels based on age, career, and study cycle, but not on gender. in conclusion, this study demonstrated a positive and highly significant correlation between state anxiety, trait anxiety, and social anxiety among university students.State anxiety exhibited a stronger association with social anxiety than trait anxiety.

Purpose: The purpose of this study was to investigate the relationship of depression and smartphone dependency with female college students` career decision-making self efficacy. Methods: This was a descriptive study. The survey participants were 497 female college students in M City and S City. Data were collected from November 16 to December 4, 2015 using self-report questionnaires including BDI (Beck Depression Inventory), Smartphone Dependency Scale, and CDMSES-SF (Career Decision-Making Self Efficacy Scale-Short Form). Data were analyzed through descriptive statistics, independent-samples t-test, ANOVA, and stepwise multiple regression. Results: Career decision-making self efficacy showed significant differences according to religion. Smartphone dependency was found to have a statistically significant negative correlation with career decision-making self efficacy and a positive correlation with depression. Depression was found to have a statistically significant negative correlation with career decision-making self efficacy. Stepwise multiple regression analysis revealed that the predictors of career decision-making self efficacy were depression (7.1%), religion (1.8%), and smartphone dependency (1.3%), accounting for a total of 10.6% of the variance. Conclusion: This study suggests that interventions to promote female college students` career decision- making self efficacy should consider their depression, religion, and smartphone dependency.

As the consequences of anxiety and depression have been compared to obesity and smoking as predictors of physical health, further findings, more advancements, and new technology are necessary to help those struggling with psychological disorders such as anxiety. This study investigates the potential relationships between Trait Anxiety or general anxiety scores and physiological and perceived reactions to a simulated virtual reality (VR) experience that induces mild anxiety as well as the ability to recover from the anxious event. The study additionally explores a potential relationship of a medical diagnosis on the physiological and perceived reactions to the simulated environment designed to induce mild anxiety and the potential effect on the ability to recover from such an event. Eighteen adults participated in the IRB (Institutional Review Board) approved study by completing a consent form, followed by the Trait Anxiety Questionnaire corresponding to the State Trait Anxiety Inventory form Y-2 to assess general anxiety levels. Participants additionally recorded a self-reflected Likert-scale interpretation of their perceived anxiety on a scale of one to ten after each phase of the study (Baseline, Introduction, Virtual Reality, Recovery). The experiment was designed to elicit mild anxiety with an ambiguous introduction and a shocking VR experience. The results showed no statistically significant difference between those with higher general anxiety with Trait Anxiety scores above 40 and those with lower Trait Anxiety in their percent increase of heart rate and increase of self-reflected anxiety score between baseline and VR phases as well as between baseline and recovery phases. Additionally, participants with medical diagnoses of anxiety showed no statistically significant difference in their percent increase of heart rate from baseline to VR phases as well as from baseline to recovery phases than their counterparts without any diagnoses of anxiety disorders. There is a potential indication, however, of a possible pattern of individuals with higher general anxiety (Trait Anxiety scores above 40) having a less-severe reaction, physiologically and perceptively, to an anxious situation than individuals with lower Trait Anxiety scores. This could indicate the possibility of desensitization to anxiety with frequent exposure. Conclusions of this study call for further investigation into this potential pattern and evaluation of future assistive technologies for individuals with anxiety.

Evaluation of state and trait anxiety levels of parents and children before electroencephalography procedures: A prospective study from a tertiary epilepsy center

P01-158 - The level of anxiety symptoms prior a thoracic surgery is associated with gender and age

ABSTRACTWith rapid adoption of smartphones globally, the negative consequences of excessive smartphone use and dependency, especially among the young, has garnered more public attention recently. This study investigated the factors influencing smartphone dependency among the young. Using the Individual Media Dependency (IMD) perspective, this study proposed an extended IMD model to examine the influencing roles of six IMD goals, three psychological traits (self-esteem, leisure boredom, and sensation seeking), and smartphone use on smartphone dependency. A survey based on stratified random sampling was used to collect data from young smartphone users at one main public university in China. Structural equation modeling was then employed to examine the fit of the data to the model. The results identified four smartphone dependency symptoms, i.e. inability to control cravings, escape, feeling anxious, and productivity loss, and revealed the mechanisms between IMD goals, psychological traits, and smartphone dependency. The results showed that different IMD goals had significant impacts on different aspects of smartphone use, while smartphone use did not have a direct effect on smartphone dependency. The study provided important information, as it was among the first few to provide valuable references for both academicians and practitioners concerning smartphone dependency, which is still rarely explored in China.

Comparison of the effect of lavender and bitter orange on anxiety in postmenopausal women: A triple-blind, randomized, controlled clinical trial

University students with heavy smartphone use are vulnerable to smartphone addiction that could be related to depression and trait anxiety. To assess gender differences in patterns of smartphone use and addiction in relation to depression and trait anxiety among Saudi university students. This was a cross-sectional study of 1513 students of Taif University, Saudi Arabia. A self-reported questionnaire was used to collect demographic data and data on pattern of smartphone use. The Problematic Use of Mobile Phones (PUMP) scale was used to determine smartphone addiction. The Arabic validated version of the Taylor Manifest Anxiety Scale and Beck Depression Inventory were used to assess trait anxiety and depression, respectively. A female predominance was found for: prevalence of depression and trait anxiety, PUMP scores, duration of daily mobile use and number of daily calls. A significant positive correlation was found between PUMP score and depression and trait anxiety scores, duration of owning a smartphone, and average duration of each daily call. The PUMP scores were significantly higher in 6th year students, those from the theoretical college, single students, and students who used a smartphone for > 4 hours/day. Smartphone addiction is a major problem among Saudi university students, and it is associated with depression and trait anxiety. Future studies should aim to establish the best interventions to protect university students from the negative effects of smartphones.

본 연구는 한국아동·청소년패널조사 2018 중학교 패널을 활용하여 중학생의 스마트폰 사용과 스마트폰 의존이 우울감에 미치는 영향을 살펴보았다. 특히 스마트폰 의존유형을 일상생활 방해유형과 과의존으로 나누어 스마트폰 의존도의 경중을 다루었으며, 자아존중감을 통제변수로 두고, 성별을 투입하여 성별의 조절된 매개효과를 탐색하였다. 주요 분석 결과는 다음과 같다. 첫째, 일상생활 방해모형을 분석한 결과, 스마트폰 사용시간은 일상생활에 방해가 될 정도의 스마트폰 의존도를 높여, 우울감을 높이는 완전매개 경로가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 또한 사용시간과 성별의 상호작용도 스마트폰 의존과 우울감에 모두 유의하였는데, 흥미로운 결과는 남학생보다 여학생 집단에서 스마트폰 사용시간이 우울감에 미치는 효과가 가파르게 상승하였다. 둘째, 과의존 모형을 분석한 결과, 스마트폰 사용시간이 스마트폰의 과의존을 높이고, 이를 통해 우울감을 높이는 부분매개 경로가 유의한 것으로 나타났다. 과의존 모형에서는 스마트폰 사용시간과 성별의 상호작용이 스마트폰 의존에 미치는 영향이 유의하지 않았고, 우울감에만 유의하였으며, 조절된 매개효과도 유의하지 않았다. 방해모형과 마찬가지로 우울감에 미치는 성별의 주효과는 음의 부호로 나타났지만, 사용시간과 성별의 상호작용은 양의 부호로 나타나 남학생보다 여학생에게서 스마트폰 사용시간은 우울감을 높이는 효과가 뚜렷하였다. 이상의 결과를 종합하면, 중학생이 스마트폰을 사용할수록 스마트폰의 의존을 높이고, 이는 우울감을 높이는 역학이 존재하였다. 다시 말해 스마트폰을 사용할수록 우울감이 커질 수 있는 개연성이 크다는 것이다. 스마트폰 사용시간 증가는 청소년의 정신건강에 부정적인 영향을 미치고, 특히 여학생에게 더 큰 타격을 준다는 연구결과는 디지털 활용 교육 및 학생들의 정서적 지원 시 남녀 특성에 따른 맞춤형 교육 정책, 개입 방안이 필요함을 시사한다.This study investigated the impact of middle school students' smartphone use and dependence on depression by analyzing data from the Korean Children and Youth Panel Survey 2018. The study classified smartphone dependence into two types: daily life interference and over-dependence, and examined the moderating effect of gender on the relationship between smartphone use and depression. The study found that in the interference model, the effect of smartphone use on depression was fully mediated by smartphone dependence that interfered with daily life. The interaction between smartphone use and gender was significant for both smartphone dependence and depression, with a steeper increase in depression observed in female students. In the over-dependence model, smartphone partially mediated the relationship between smartphone use and depression. While the interaction between smartphone use and gender on smartphone dependence was not significant, the interaction effect was significant on depression. The main effect of gender on depression was negative, but the interaction between usage time and gender was positive, with a stronger effect on increasing depression observed among female students. In summary, the study suggests that increased smartphone use leads to greater smartphone dependence, which in turn increases the likelihood of depression. The negative impact on mental health is particularly pronounced in female students. The findings emphasize the need for gender-specific educational policies and interventions to promote healthy digital usage and provide emotional support to student.

South Korea has the highest rate of smartphone ownership worldwide, which is a potential concern given that smartphone dependency may have deleterious effects on health. We investigated the relationship between smartphone dependency and anxiety. Participants included 1,236 smartphone-using students (725 men and 511 women) from six universities in Suwon, South Korea. Participants completed measures of smartphone use, smartphone dependency, anxiety, and general characteristics (i.e., demographic, health-related, and socioeconomic characteristics). To measure smartphone dependency and anxiety, we used questionnaires of Yang's test developed from Young's Internet Addiction Test and Zung's Self-Rating Anxiety Scale. We used multiple logistic regression to determine the association between smartphone dependency and anxiety after adjusting for relevant factors. On a scale from 25 to 100, with higher scores on the smartphone dependency test indicating greater dependency, women were significantly more dependent on smartphones than were men (mean smartphone dependency score: 50.7 vs. 56.0 for men and women, respectively, p<0.001). However, the amount of time spent using smartphones and the purpose of smartphone use affected smartphone dependency in both men and women. Particularly, when daily use time increased, smartphone dependency showed an increasing trend. Compared with times of use <2 hours vs. ≥6 hours, men scored 46.2 and 56.0 on the smartphone dependency test, while women scored 48.0 and 60.4, respectively (p<0.001). Finally, for both men and women, increases in smartphone dependency were associated with increased anxiety scores. With each one-point increase in smartphone dependency score, the risk of abnormal anxiety in men and women increased by 10.1% and 9.2%, respectively (p<0.001). Among this group of university students in South Korea, smartphone dependency appeared to be associated with increased anxiety. Standards for smartphone use might help prevent deleterious health effects.

Transradial cardiac catheterization is increasingly being used for the management of coronary artery disease given the low risk of procedural discomfort and complications with this approach. However, the evidence relating to preprocedural anxiety levels in these patients is scarce. The aim of this study was to evaluate the anxiety levels and the predictors of anxiety in patients undergoing transradial cardiac catheterization procedures. Data were collected using a self-administered survey. Anxiety was measured using the Spielberg's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory questionnaire. Multiple regression analysis was used to identify whether gender, age, family history of heart disease, smoking status, history of depression, and trait anxiety scores were predictors of preprocedural anxiety. A total of 198 patients participated in this study. More than half of the patients (53.5%) were classified as having a high state anxiety level. The mean (SD) preprocedural trait and state anxiety scores were 35.34 (9.8) and 36.43 (11.4), respectively. Female patients, those younger than 65 years, current smokers, and those with a family history of heart disease, a history of depression, and a history of anxiety had significantly higher anxiety scores. Having high trait anxiety scores was the only predictor of preprocedural anxiety. Although the transradial approach has a low procedural risk and causes less discomfort to the patient, anxiety persists in more than 50% of patients, with trait anxiety being the best predictor. Nurses should therefore try to decrease anxiety levels in the preprocedural phase to minimize postprocedural adverse outcomes in this group of patients.