Smart readiness upgrades and economic assessment in existing public buildings: a case study from Greece

This study evaluates the Financial Feasibility of the Pangkalan Brandan – Langsa Toll Road Section Project. The purpose of this study is to calculate the Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period (PP), Discounted Payback Period, and Profitability Index (PI) for the Pangkalan Brandan – Langsa Toll Road Section Project. The study results show that this project has a positive Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp. 12,773,885,792,000, therefore it is financially feasible. The project also has an Internal Rate of Return (IRR) of 13.26% which is higher than the discount rate of 9.22%, therefore it is financially feasible, and a Payback Period (PP) of 16.4 years and a Discounted Payback Period of 27.7 years which are still within the 50-year concession period, therefore it is financially feasible. Additionally, this project has a Profitability Index (PI) of 2.5190 which is higher than 1, making it financially feasible. In conclusion, the Binjai – Langsa Toll Road Project (Pangkalan Brandan – Langsa Section) is financially feasible. The recommendation given is timely project execution to avoid cost overruns.

XYZ Company, a B2B manufacturer of Songkok in Gresik, East Java, plans to expand its market by establishing a new distribution warehouse in Banjarmasin, Kalimantan. This strategy aims to leverage the growing demand for Songkok in Kalimantan, which has a significant Muslim population. The primary goal of this study is to evaluate the financial feasibility of purchasing versus renting the new warehouse for this investment plan. The financial feasibility analysis was conducted in multiple stages. Pro forma financial statements were constructed for both scenarios, incorporating historical data of the company's financial statements, industry benchmarks, and growth assumptions from management interviews. Free Cash Flow to the Firm (FCFF) and terminal cash flows were calculated using the Weighted Average Cost of Capital (WACC). Capital budgeting techniques were then used to evaluate financial feasibility, including Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), and Discounted Payback Period. Risk assessment was performed through sensitivity analysis and Monte Carlo simulation. Results indicate that the renting scenario, with an initial investment of IDR 242 million, has a higher NPV and IRR than the purchase scenario, which requires an initial investment of IDR 944 million. The renting scenario also offers a faster-discounted payback period of 2 years and one month, making it more feasible. Risk assessment shows moderate risk, with an 83% probability of achieving a positive NPV. The financial feasibility analysis recommends renting the new warehouse in Banjarmasin. This option provides a quicker payback period, higher NPV and IRR, and positive risk assessment results. Investing in this project will enhance XYZ Company's market presence in Kalimantan, cater to the growing demand for Songkok, and achieve sustainable growth and profitability.

When implementing housing project investment, the return on invested capital is affected by many factors. The profitability of an investment that generates financial returns in the future can be assessed. This study aims to determine the financial feasibility of the Kemilau Griya Manonjaya Housing Development project in Tasikmalaya Regency from a financial point of view and determine the amount of profit obtaine from the investment results. Investment in the construction of this housing project requires a very large cost so that a financial feasibility analysis is carried out using the Accounting Rate Of Return (ARR) method, Net Present Value (NPV), Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR), Internal Rate Return (IRR), Payback period (PP), Profitability Index (PI), Return On Investment (ROI). The results of the study using the Accounting Rate Of Return (ARR) method of investment return of 17%, Net Present Value (NPV) of Rp. 21,722,588,674> 0, thus feasible to be realised. Judging from the results of the evaluation of financial feasibility using the Benefit Cost Ratio (BCR) method, the results obtained are 2.51> 1, so the project is feasible to be realised. Judging from the results of the evaluation of financial feasibility using the Internal Rate Return (IRR) method, the result is 1.56%, this figure shows that the project is feasible to be realised. While in the project Payback period (PP) the investment will return in the 5th year over 104 days, as for the comparison between the value of future net cash flows and the value of the current investment Profitability Index (PI) of 3.27> 1 and the rate of return on investment Return On Investment (ROI) of 2.27%. Thus Kemilau Griya Manonjaya Housing, especially type 36/72, meets the requirements in evaluating financial feasibility so that investment in this project is feasible because it is profitable.

People tend to think of financial feasibility as an issue of numbers, which it is not. It is the issue of strategic intention, capital discipline, operating structure, and expected payoff being aligned. The research proposal is a complete financial plan and investment feasibility study on a new venture in the meat supply industry using the logistic-driven process targeting HORECA in the Jabodetabek area. In a five-year financial modeling, the study analyzes the anticipated revenues, cost structure, capital demand and finance projections through Return on Investment (ROI), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Payback Period, and the main financial ratios. The combination of scenario budgeting with systematic investment analysis not only builds a story of performance based on the strategic cost-allocation, liquidity maintenance and long-term solvency, but it also anticipates changing conditions, provides a clearer vision of the future by ensuring that the company can transform itself to adapt the potential improvements and counter powers to capitalize on them. Results show that profitability in the short term is sacrificed, but as of the second year, the enterprise will be able to cover its finances, achieve operational leverage, respectively high net margins as of the fifth year. The presence of a positive net present value (NPV) of 3.2 billion Indonesian rupiahs, an internal rate of returns (IRR) of 24 percent, and a 4.4-year payback indicate that as an investment it is both appealing to investors and economical in terms of capital.

Mechanical ventilators are essential albeit expensive equipment to support critically ill patients who have gone into respiratory failure. Adequate numbers should always be available to ensure that a hospital provides the optimal care to patients but the number of patients requiring them at any one time is unpredictable. Finding therefore the best balance in providing adequate ventilator numbers while ensuring the financial sustainability of a hospital is important. A quantitative method using Monte Carlo Simulation was used to identify the optimal strategy for acquiring ventilators in a large private tertiary medical center in Metro Manila. The number of ventilators needed to provide ventilator needs 90% of the days per month (27/30) was determined using historical data on ventilator use over a period of four years. Four acquisition strategies were investigated: three ownership strategies (outright purchase, installment, and staggered purchase) and a rental strategy. Return on Investment (ROI), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Modified Internal Rate of Return (MIRR), Net Present Value (NPV), and Payback period (or Breakeven Point) for each strategy were determined to help recommend the best strategy.A qualitative survey was also conducted among doctors, nurses, and respiratory therapists who were taking care of patients hooked to ventilators to find out their experiences comparing hospital-owned and rental ventilators. It was found that a total of 11 respirators were needed by the hospital to ensure that enough respirators were available for its patients at least 90% of the days in any month based on the previous four-year period. This meant acquiring three more ventilators as the hospital already owned eight. Among the strategies studied, projected over a 10-year period, the installment strategy (50% down payment with 0% interest over a 5-year period) proved to be the most financially advantageous with ROI = 9.36 times, IRR = 97% per year, MIRR = 26% per year, NPV = ₱39,324,297.60 and Payback period = 1.03 years). A more realistic installment strategy with 15% (paid quarterly or annually) and 25% annual interest rates were also explored with their financial parameters quite like but not as good as the 0% interest. The outright purchase of three ventilators came in lower (ROI = 4.53 times, IRR = 55% per year, MIRR = 19% per year, NPV = ₱38,064,297.60 and Payback period = 1.81 years) followed last by staggered purchase with ROI = 3.56 times, IRR = 64% per year, MIRR = 28% per year, NPV = ₱29,905,438.08, and payback period of 2.06 years. As there was no investment needed for the rental strategy, the only financial parameter available for it is the NPV which came out as ₱21,234,057.60.The qualitative part of the study showed that most of the healthcare workers involved in the care of patients attached to the ventilator were aware of the rental ventilators. The rental ventilators were generally described as of lower functionality and can more easily break down. The respondents almost uniformly expressed a preference for the hospital-owned ventilators. This analysis showed that the best ventilator ownership strategy from a purely financial perspective for this hospital is by installment with a 50% down payment and 0% interest. Moderate rates of 15% and 25% interest per year were also good. These were followed by outright purchase and lastly by staggered purchase. The rental strategy gave the lowest cumulative 10-year income compared to any of the ownership strategies, but may still be considered good income because the hospital did not make any investment. However, it seems that most of the healthcare workers involved in taking care of patients on ventilators thought the rental ventilators were of lower quality and preferred the hospital-owned ventilators.

The key objective of this work is to analyze the techno-economic feasibility of municipal solid waste (MSW) gasification plant in a small village named Nano Dogar near Lahore, Pakistan. Sampling of MSW was performed in the village indicating feed rate as 83.4kg/hr equivalent to 2 tons/day. The technical assessment was achieved by using process simulator; ASPEN PLUS version 8.1, in terms of material and energy balance. The results attained were associated with equations finding process efficiency, power generation potential, capital and operating costs. For economic appraisal, various cost parameters were taken into account like interest rate, plant life, operating hours, costs of labor, maintenance, supervision and purchase equipment costs (PEC) to estimate the project feasibility indicators like return on investment (ROI), discounted payback period (DPBP), net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), and profitability index (PI). This hypothetic gasification plant has power generation potential of 0.175 MW/ton when operated at 800°C and 1 atm, with flowrates of MSW, air and steam as 80 kg/hr, 115 kg/hr and 52 kg/hr at 1 atm, respectively. However, the temperature for MSW and air was 25°C and for steam, it was 200°C. ROI and DPBP were found to be 4.6% and 3 years, respectively. NPV was positive followed by 17% IRR and PI was greater than one. This assessment can be useful to study the technical and economic aspects of gasification plant irrespective of feedstock type such as coal, oil and biomass, and plant capacity.

This study aimed to study capital budgeting for purchasing trailer projects to use with piling work, a case study of Roi-Et Prestressed Concrete Co., Ltd, in addition to comparing and summarizing the options between investment in purchasing trailers and hiring independent contractors (outsourcing). It utilized financial theories to consider the free cash flow and the weighted average cost of capital (WACC) and then determine the net present value (NPV), internal rate of return (IRR), modified internal rate of return (MIRR), payback period, discounted payback period and sensitivity study. The investment and financial management plan involved an investment cost of 3,550,000 baht, with 532,500 baht from the owner's equity and 3,017,500 baht from a financial institution loan. The WACC is 4.21%. The capital budgeting analysis based on financial theories revealed that the NPV of hiring independent contractors (outsourcing) was higher than the NPV of investment in purchasing trailers. Hiring independent contractors (outsourced) has an NPV of 8,813,386.51 baht, while the investment in purchasing trailers had an NPV of 5,997,712.07 baht. the IRR was 89.9%, and the MIRR was 34.4%. The payback period was 1.17 years, and the discounted payback period was 1.247 years. The sensitivity analysis showed that the worst-case scenario of hiring independent contractors NPV is 7,007,043.61 baht, and the worst-case scenario of investment in purchasing trailers NPV is 3,596,104.38 baht. As a result of the analysis, it can be concluded that Roi-Et Prestressed Concrete Co., Ltd. should invest in hiring independent contractors (outsource) because it has the highest net present value (NPV).

The research aims to determine the degree of chicken egg market integration, determine the price asymmetric and determine the financial feasibility of chicken egg business in Central Java, Indonesia. Secondary data from January 2017- December 2019 was used for research. Survey research was conducted on 100 (one hundred) laying hens farmers. The research study was conducted in Semarang city, Kendal regency and Semarang regency. Johansen test, Pearson correlation and Granger Causality test were used in this study. Financial feasibility analyses such as investment, payback period (PP), net present value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Return on Investment (ROI), and Benefit-cost (B/C) ratio are used in this study. The result showed there was a positive correlation between the Price in Kendal Regency and Semarang City. Increasing prices in Semarang City caused the increasing Price in Kendal regency vice versa. There was a marketing integration between Semarang city and Kendal regency, and Granger Causality showed Price in Semarang city influenced the Price in Kendal regency and Semarang regency. The price of chicken eggs in Semarang city, Kendal regency, and Semarang city were symmetric. Based on the calculation of PP, NPV, IRR, ROI and B/C ratio, laying hens business in Central Java is feasible to run.

The article discusses the issues of restoration of biological resources in forestry in the Samara region. The proposed creation of farms for the reproduction of large animals that were subjected to barbaric extermination in the nineties will solve not only the environmental problem, but will provide the opportunity to create a base for providing hunting services to the population, reducing pressure from poachers, and increasing the profitability of forests as economic objects. One of the species subject to population restoration is red deer (Cervus elaphus L.). Its number decreased to 310 heads (1997). Currently it is 1190 heads (2022). In the Samara region, red deer are found annually in the territory of 6-7 municipal districts out of 27. The number and spatial distribution of deer, like other ungulates, have annual fluctuations and are a vector indicator of the relationship between natural and anthropogenic factors. Creation of a farm for 210 heads. It will allow you to annually raise up to 60 animals, which can be released into the wild. To provide feed, about 500 hectares of agricultural land will be required. Project efficiency indicators: - the payback period of the project was 77 months; - discounted payback period – 101 months; - net present value – 2419.0 thousand rubles; - internal rate of return – 13.06%.

Pt xyz as the main contributor of national oil production tries to increase the oil production by developing existing reservoirs using secondary oil recovery method in order to meet the demand for oil from Indonesian people. The implementation of the oil recovery method requires a lot of investment which is 624,021 million USD. Because of that the financial feasibility of investment must be conducted. Financial feasibility will be reviewed according to a capital budgeting framework to accept or reject a project, based on Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate of Return (IRR), Discounted Payback Period (DPP), Payback Period (PP), and Profitability Index (PI). Based on a 9, 64% weighted average cost of capital, the NPV of the project is USD 170.095.470, DPP is 4, 26 years, PP is 3, 80 years, and PI is 1,290. Additionally, the project has an IRR of 28%. A sensitivity analysis is also conducted in this study to evaluate projects resilience should the relevant parameters change in

The objective of the research were to determine the volume increments, to find out the optimum ages and maximum increment, to know which plant effort was more profitable than each types exploitations, to analyze the financial feasibility and to know the farmers' financial needs and the level of interest by sensitivity analysis. This research was conducted in community forest of Sungai Merdeka Village Km. 38 Samboja District, Kutai Kartanegara Sub District of East Kalimantan Province. The research data was taken based on a purpose sampling system in the research plots of each Model I to V covering an area of 0.25 ha. Model I consisted by super teak 15 years 10x2 m spacing combined with king grass with an interest rate of 5% resulted in an estimated 6.5-year Pay Back Period (PP); Net Present Value (NPV) Rp. 186,346,058, -; Net Benefit/Cost (B/C) Ratio 3.99; Internal Rate of Return (IRR) 28%; Equivalent Annual Annuity (EAA) Rp. 12,122,078 and effort scale of 3 ha. Model II consisted by super teak 15 years 10x10 m spacing with an interest rate of 5% produce an estimated 18.5-year PP; Rp. (15,890,541,-) NPV; Net (B/C) Ratio to 0.72; (IRR) to 3%; (EAA) to Rp. (1,033,703,-) and (41) ha effort scale. Model III consisted by Solomon Teak 13 years 10x10 m spacing with an interest rate of 5% produce an estimated 10.4 year (PP); (NPV) to Rp. 97,546,242, -; Net (B/C) Ratio to 2.38; (IRR) to 10%; (EAA) to Rp. 6,345,523,- and 7 ha effort scale. Model IV consisted by sungkai 13 years 2x4 m spacing combined with papaya by an interest rate of 5% produce an estimated 13.1 years (PP) value; (NPV) to Rp. 41,099,472, -; Net (B/C) Ratio to 1.83; (IRR) to 22.5%; (EAA) to Rp. 2,673,580, - and 16 ha effort scale. Model V consisted by Sungkai 13 years with an interest rate of 5% produced an estimated 18.1 year (PP); (NPV) to Rp. -13.141,863, -; Net (B/C) Ratio 0.73; (IRR) to 3.2%; (EAA) to Rp. -854,897, - and (49) ha effort scale. Its concluded that by 5% discount factor, Model I, Model III and Model IV were feasible because they have an IRR value higher than Minimum Acceptable Rate (MAR) 5% and Net B/C Ratio higher than 1. Model II and Model V were not feasible because they have an IRR value lower than MAR 5% and Net B/C Ratio lower than 1. The optimum production of all models was reached at the ages of 25 years. The highest MAI was achieved in Model IV of 7.34 m3 ha-1 year-1 and the total volume was 183.56 m3 ha-1 year-1, while the lowest MAI was achieved in Model II of 6.25 m3 ha-1 year-1 and the total volume was 33.10 m3 ha-1 year-1. Based on the analysis of effort scale resulted that Model I could be the best choice and most feasible than other because it had the lowest effort scale value, while Model V was the least feasible option to be cultivated because it has the highest scale of effort. Model I, Model III and IV shown the NPV positive value to Rp. 186,346,058, -; Rp.97,546,242, - and Rp.41,099,472, -, while Model II and Model IV shown the negative value of Rp.(15,590,541,-) and Rp.(13,141,863,-).

The study aims to analyze the income and financial feasibility of tofu agroindustry business in CV Sumber Hidup Mata Air Village, Central Kupang Regency. The sampling technique used a non-probability sampling technique, namely by using a case study technique. The data used in this study are primary and secondary data. To determine the feasibility of the tofu agroindustry business and at CV Sumber Hidup, feasibility analysis was carried out using the R/C ratio, Break Event Point (BEP), Net Present Value (NPV), Internal Rate Of Return (IRR), Net B/C Ratio, Return On Investment (ROI), and Payback Period (PP). The results of this study indicate that the income of the tofu business at CV Sumber Hidup is IDR 693,837,025/ year and the CV Sumber Hidup tofu business is declared feasible with an R/C ratio value of 1.30> 1, Net Present Value (NPV) of IDR. 941,780. 947.98, - with NPV>0 criteria, Internal Rate Of Return (IRR) of 45% with IRR>DR (9%) criteria, Net B / C ratio of 1.30>1, Return On Investment (ROI) of 112% high investment return rate while Payback Period (PP) 1 year 3 months.

NPV, IRR, PI, PP, and DPP: A unified view

Purpose. Since the venture business is a catalyst for structural adjustment and technological renewal of the country’s economic complex, small firms with the support of venture capital effectively create and sell innovations that become the basis of new economy sectors. Effective organization of venture activity requires analysis of the main trends in developing organizational forms of venture business and the creation of venture funds. This article aims to form a coherent system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of venture projects to manage the energy of venture business and the characteristics of these indicators. Scientists and their features present the analysis of available indicators or systems of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of venture business. Design/methodology/approach. This study used both general scientific methods, empirical and theoretical, in particular, the process of analysis (in the study of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of venture business), synthesis (in the formation of a coherent system of indicatorsfor assessing the effectiveness of venture business), generalization and explanation, classification, and also system (for coordination of the system of hands). Also, unique research methods were used, in particular, formal-logical and comparative forms ofscientific knowledge. Findings. The article’s indicators of evaluating the effectiveness of venture investments in innovative projects have been investigated and analyzed. A critical analysis of methodological approaches to assessing the effectiveness of venture capital has been done. It is proposed to evaluate the effectiveness of venture projects on such indicators as internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, net present value, payback period, discounted payback period, the profitability of sales, average rate of return, discounted profitability index, and contribution index-adequate assessment of the balance of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of venture investments. Practical implications. The article proposes to evaluate the effectiveness of venture projects on such indicators as internal rate of return, modified internal rate of return, net present value, payback period, discounted payback period, the profitability of sales, average rate of return, discounted profit index and profit income which will contribute to obtaining a comprehensive and adequate assessment of the balance of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of venture investments. The formation of a coherent system of indicators for evaluating the effectiveness of venture projects will manage venture business efficiency. The intensification of venture activity in Ukraine requires developing an integrated approach, covering institutional development, legislation, and macroeconomic regulation. The story of venture business will contribute to achieving the most critical state goals: the improvement of the innovation sphere and increasing the competitiveness of the domestic economy by entering world markets. The practical application of methods for assessing investment effectiveness is carried out using indicators NPV, IRR, PP, and others. The formation of a portfolio of innovative projects based on linear programming’s classical problem can not be applied in full. That is why today, it is essential to solving issues related to the development and improvement of methods and models of venture risk analysis, assessing the attractiveness of innovative projects, and forming a creative portfolio by a venture company. The participation of venture investors in the capital ofstartups is attractive for several reasons: the presence of venture funds in shareholders tells partners and potential employees that the audit of the company means that the business is transparent and the funds risked their money in terms of growth prospects; venture capitalists help in management. After all, they have experience supporting and developing similar startups; you can use the fund’s companies’ expertise, for example, in organizing sales or preparing for an IPO. Finally, investor connections open up partnerships with other companies, attracting experienced professionals, such as marketing, commercial, financial, executive director. But experts go only to projects with a clear business structure, and venture funds guarantee its presence. Because venture investors, as mentioned above, have a foundational approach to the companies they finance and are initially focused on leaving the company by selling their stake to a strategic investor, company management, or the stock market, the key to success for them, in our view, is a growth company value.

The purpose of the article is to determine the system of indicators for assessing the effectiveness of hotel enterprises. It is determined that the main criterion of the value of the investment project is the criterion of net discounted income. It is noted that the modified internal rate of return (MIRR) eliminates the lack of internal rate of return of the project, which occurs in the case of repeated outflows. It is noted that today there is no single approach to assessing the effectiveness of investment in hotel enterprises in accordance with the forms of ownership and their size, which is due to the need to ensure compliance with performance evaluation criteria and a system of indicators. Statistical and dynamic indicators of investment evaluation are considered Indicators are analyzed: simple (accounting) rate of return on the project (ARR), payback period (PP) Performance indicators taking into account the time factor are considered: discounted payback period (DPP), net discounted income (NPV), discounted profitability index (DPI), internal rate of return (IRR) and some others. The disadvantage of the discounted payback period has been identified - it does not take into account subsequent cash inflows, and therefore may serve as an incorrect criterion for the attractiveness of the project. The main advantages of static and dynamic indicators of investment project efficiency assessment are determined. It is noted that one of the main criteria of investment advantage of a project is profit maximization. Break-even analysis allows you to calculate the volume of sales at which the company's income equals costs. It is proposed to use the indicator modified internal rate of return (MIRR) It is determined that the most popular methods of assessing the effectiveness of the investment project today are the definition of such static indicators as simple rate of return, simple payback period and dynamic indicators, namely: discounted payback period, net present value, profitability index, internal rate of return and modified internal rate profitability. The most accurate results are given by dynamic indicators, as they take into account the value of money over time. Although dynamic methods are more accurate, all the considered methods of evaluating the effectiveness of the investment project have their pros and cons.