Smart Materials: New Trend in Structural Engineering

Abstract

Smart materials, which have the functions of actuator, sensor, self-healing and so forth, are expected to be used not only as advanced functional materials but also as key materials to provide structures with smart functions. Smart systems sense changes in structure variations in vibration, noise or temperature, for example process the information and then respond appropriately to automatically correct possibly detrimental problems. They tell the structure to alter its properties to prevent damage, optimize performance, correct malfunctions or alert users to a needed repair. Smart materials technology applies to a huge range of products including buildings, bridges, computers, cameras, aircraft, even skis. Think about the way in which excessive vibration in a machine on the shop floor may result in overheating, or parts that don’t meet the manufacturer’s specifications. Then, imagine the problems that could occur if a similar situation happened on an aircraft and you begin to understand the scope and value of smart material applications. The best way to understand the smart material concept is to look at its uses. Smart materials may work completely on their own or as part of a larger smart system. For example, doctors may use shape memory alloy staples used to set broken bones. In this case, the material works as both a sensor and an actuator as the patient’s body heat activate the staple to close and thereby clamp the break together. This report deals with the available smart materials, their properties and some of their areas of application and future prospects.”