Abstract
The Internet of Vehicles (IoV), where people, fleets of electric vehicles (EVs), utility, power grids, distributed renewable energy, and communications and computing infrastructures are connected, has emerged as the next big leap in smart grids and city sectors for a sustainable society. Meanwhile, decentralized and complex grid edge faces many challenges for planning, operation, and management of power systems. Therefore, providing a reliable communications infrastructure is vital. The fourth industrial revolution, that is, a cyber-physical system in conjunction with the Internet of Things (IoT) and coexistence of edge (fog) and cloud computing brings new ways of dealing with such challenges and helps maximize the benefits of power grids. From this perspective, as a use case of IoV, we present a cloud-based EV charging framework to tackle issues of high demand in charging stations during peak hours. A price incentive scheme and another scheme, electricity supply expansion, are presented and compared with the baseline. The results demonstrate that the proposed hierarchical models improve the system performance and the quality of service (QoS) for EV customers. The proposed methods can efficiently assist system operators in managing the system design and grid stability. Further, to shed light on emerging technologies for smart and connected EVs, we elaborate on seven major trends: decentralized energy trading based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology, behavioral science and behavioral economics, artificial and computational intelligence and its applications, digital twins of IoV, software-defined IoVs, and intelligent EV charging with information-centric networking, and parking lot microgrids and EV-based virtual storage. We have also discussed some of the potential research issues in IoV to further study IoV. The integration of communications, modern power system management, EV control management, and computing technologies for IoV are crucial for grid stability and large-scale EV charging networks.
Highlights
That includes decentralized energy trading based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology, behavioral science and behavioral economics, artificial and computational intelligence and its applications, digital twins of Internet of Vehicles (IoV), softwaredefined IoVs, and intelligent electric vehicle charging with information-centric networking, and parking lot microgrids and electric vehicles (EVs)-based virtual storage
We introduced a unified vision of the IoV, in which cloud-based EV charging management is presented as a use case of IoV by incorporating the diverse service requirements of customers and two-tier cloud computing infrastructure
Considering EV arrival distribution, diverse communication requirements, different charging demands at charging stations (CSs), and limited supply, we proposed a hierarchical model, which included cloud server planning, CS capacity planning, PIM, and CEM methods of charging management
Summary
That includes decentralized energy trading based on blockchain and distributed ledger technology, behavioral science and behavioral economics, artificial and computational intelligence and its applications, digital twins of IoVs, softwaredefined IoVs, and intelligent electric vehicle charging with information-centric networking, and parking lot microgrids and EV-based virtual storage. These trends represent beyond the conventional power and communications fields and will demand collaborative and sustained interdisciplinary measures. To provide a broader technological perspective, we have discussed other emerging trends, including digital twins of the IoV, softwaredefined IoVs, and intelligent electric vehicle charging with information-centric networking.
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