Abstract
Transmission electron microscopes aretraditionally equipped with three imaging devices: 1) the main viewing screen, which shows a large portion of the specimen in real time, 2) the focussing screen, which is viewed through binoculars and shows a small area of the specimen at a high magnification also in real time, and 3) a film camera, which permits time-integrated images to be recorded with a large number of pixels and a good detective quantum efficiency (DQE). In many laboratories, TV cameras have replaced the real-time viewing devices 1 and 2. The slow-scan CCD technology now promises to replace the photographic film.Slow-scan charge coupled device (CCD) sensors differ from the CCDs found in home video cameras in several aspects: their pixels are typically 10x larger in area, there is no frame-transfer buffer which would enable the CCD to function at TV rate, and the CCDs are optimized for operation at low temperature and slow readout speed. The increased size permits more electrons to be stored per pixel, which increases the dynamic range of the CCD. The elimination of the frame-transfer buffer allows the whole area of the CCD to be used for image detection. The low temperature and slow readout speed minimize the CCD dark current and readout noise.
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