Sleep apnea pathophysiology

Abstract

ObjectiveThe purpose of this study is to examine the pathophysiology underlying sleep apnea (SA).BackgroundWe consider several critical features of SA including the roles played by the ascending reticular activating system (ARAS) that controls vegetative functions and electroencephalographic findings associated with both SA and normal sleep. We evaluate this knowledge together with our current understanding of the anatomy, histology, and physiology of the mesencephalic trigeminal nucleus (MTN) and mechanisms that contribute directly to normal and disordered sleep. MTN neurons express γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) receptors which activate them (make chlorine come out of the cells) and that can be activated by GABA released from the hypothalamic preoptic area.MethodWe reviewed the published literature focused on sleep apnea (SA) reported in Google Scholar, Scopus, and PubMed databases.ResultsThe MTN neurons respond to the hypothalamic GABA release by releasing glutamate that activates neurons in the ARAS. Based on these findings, we conclude that a dysfunctional MTN may be incapable of activating neurons in the ARAS, notably those in the parabrachial nucleus, and that this will ultimately lead to SA. Despite its name, obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is not caused by an airway obstruction that prevents breathing.ConclusionsWhile obstruction may contribute to the overall pathology, the primary factor involved in this scenario is the lack of neurotransmitters.