“Slavery-Free”: Labour at the Todos os Santos Factory (Bahia, ca. 1840–1870)

A though it is generally acknowledged that working conditions might be harsh and hours of work lengthy before the onset of industrial change in the second half of the eighteenth century, there is still general agreement that work discipline subsequently intensified. This is seen as occurring only in textile factories but also in other places of work as industrial capitalism tightened its grip on the labour force. The classic statement of this belief is to be found in E. P. Thompson's article in Past & Present in i967,1 and other historians have expressed similar views, even though their approach in other respects is markedly different from Thompson's. Thus J. D. Chambers remarked that the labour force in the Industrial Revolution was only very much larger, but was worked very much harder.2 M. I. Thomis has made the point that the Hammonds argued that the growth of the domestic industries in the half century after the introduction of steam power was accompanied by deteriorating conditions, and (says Thomis) 'few would quarrel with this view today'.3 In a recent work, Duncan Bythell clearly regards all out-workers throughout the nineteenth century as sweated labour, and suggests that the depressing story is almost unchanged from the handloom weaver and framework knitter of the i83os and 40s to the nailmaker and needlewoman of the i88os and i89os.4 It appears, then, that whether a worker was employed in a textile factory (the most extreme case) or in a small workshop, he suffered a marked deterioration in his life at work-the obvious consequence of the quickening pace of industrialization. Only in the second half of the nineteenth century was there any general reduction in the length of the working day and/or improvement in working conditions. Pollard seems to sum up this view of the earlier period when he observes in a colourful metaphor that the modern industrial proletariat was not allowed to grow in a sunny garden: it was forged, over a fire, by the powerful blows of a hammer.5 Yet in spite of this weight of opinion, some doubts must remain. Even Thompson admits that the imposition of the new work routines was a slow process, sometimes taking several generations (as in the Potteries), and was perhaps never fully accomplished in all sectors of industry.6 Moreover, it is

Inhibitor incidence in haemophilia A under exclusive use of a third-generation recombinant factor VIII concentrate: results of the HEMFIL Cohort Study.

This research explores the contribution of ZIS-based Islamic philanthropic institutions in improving community welfare in Adipura Kencana Village, Sungai Bahar Sub-district, Muaro Jambi District. The aim of this study is to understand the contributions, impacts, and efforts of ZIS-based Islamic philanthropic institutions in supporting business capital assistance programs in Sungai Bahar Sub-district, Muaro Jambi District. This research employs a descriptive qualitative method, using both primary and secondary data. Data collection techniques include observation, interviews, and documentation, while data analysis is conducted using domain, taxonomic, and componential analyses. The results indicate that direct fund distribution by the institution significantly strengthens the relationship and sense of kinship between the community and the philanthropic institution. Through direct interaction with the community, prospective aid recipients are more open in expressing their concerns and needs, making the assistance provided by the philanthropic institution highly beneficial. The community feels a considerable positive impact from the presence of Islamic philanthropic institutions managing zakat in their area, as many individuals are able to improve their welfare through productive enterprises thanks to the assistance provided by the institution. The institution carefully selects aid recipients to ensure that assistance reaches those who truly need it. However, some community members still feel they belong in the less-privileged category yet have not received assistance from the institution.

IntroductionOver 80% of rural households in Peru use solid fuels as their primary source of domestic energy, which contributes to several health problems. In 2016, 6.7 million Peruvians were living in rural areas. The Fondo de Inclusión Social Energético (FISE) LPG Promotion Program, which began in 2012 and is housed under the Ministry of Energy and Mining, is a government-sponsored initiative aimed at reducing use of solid fuels by increasing access to clean fuel for cooking to poor Peruvian households. MethodsWe conducted a mixed methods study incorporating data from publicly available records and reports, a community survey of 375 households in Puno (the province with the largest number of FISE beneficiary households), and in-depth interviews with community members and key stakeholders. We used the Reach, Effectiveness – Adoption, Implementation, Maintenance (RE-AIM) framework to guide our data collection and analysis efforts. In a sample of 95 households, we also measured 48-hour area concentrations and personal exposures to fine particulate matter (PM2.5). ResultsThe FISE LPG promotion program has achieved high geographical reach; the program is currently serving households in 100% of districts in Peru. Households with access to electricity may be participating at a higher level than households without electricity because the program is implemented primarily by electricity distributors. In a sample of 95 households, FISE beneficiaries experienced a reduction in kitchen concentrations of PM2.5; however, there were no differences in personal exposures, and both kitchen and personal exposures were above the WHO intermediate target for indoor air quality. Among the 375 households surveyed, stove stacking with biomass fuels was reported in >95% of both beneficiary and non-beneficiary households, with fewer than 5% reporting exclusive use. In-depth interviews suggest that the complexity of the enrollment process and access to LPG distribution points may be key barriers to participating in FISE. ConclusionThe FISE LPG Program has achieved high reach and its targeted subsidy and surcharge-based financing structure represent a potentially feasible and sustainable model for other government programs. However, the prevalence of stove stacking among FISE beneficiaries remains high. There is a need for improved communication channels between program implementers and beneficiaries. FISE should also consider expanding the mobile LPG network and community delivery service to reduce physical barriers and indirect costs of LPG acquisition. Finally, increasing the value of LPG vouchers to completely cover one or two tanks a month, or alternatively, introducing behavior change strategies to reduce monthly LPG usage, may facilitate the transition to exclusive LPG use.

Transitions between e-cigarettes and cigarettes are common among tobacco users, but empirical evidence on the health outcomes of switching tobacco products is scarce. To examine changes in urinary biomarkers between baseline and 1-year follow-up among adult tobacco users switching between e-cigarettes and cigarettes. This cohort study used data from wave 1 (baseline, September 2013 to December 2014) and wave 2 (1-year follow-up, October 2014 to October 2015) of the Population Assessment of Tobacco and Health Study. A subset of the probability sample of US adults who voluntarily provided biospecimens at 2 waves was analyzed. Participants were divided into 3 mutually exclusive groups at baseline: exclusive cigarette smokers, exclusive e-cigarette users, and dual users. Data analysis was performed in 2021. Harmful and potentially harmful constituents included nicotine metabolites, tobacco-specific nitrosamines (TSNAs; including 4-(methylnitrosamino)-1-(3-pyridyl)-1-butanol [NNAL]), metals, polycyclic aromatic hydrocarbons (PAHs), and volatile organic compounds (VOCs). Within-participant changes in 55 urinary biomarkers of exposure (BOEs) to harmful and potentially harmful constituents were examined using multivariable regression models. Among 3211 participants (55.6% women, 68.3% White, 13.2% Black, and 11.8% Hispanic) at baseline, 21.9% of exclusive cigarette users, 42.8% of exclusive e-cigarette users, and 62.1% of dual users changed product use at follow-up (all percentages are weighted). There was a significant reduction in urine concentrations of TSNAs, PAHs, and VOCs when users transitioned from exclusive cigarette to exclusive e-cigarette use, with a 92% decrease in NNAL, from a mean of 168.4 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 102.3-277.1 pg/mg creatinine) to 12.9 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 6.4-25.7 pg/mg creatinine; P < .001). A similar panel of BOEs decreased when dual users transitioned to exclusive e-cigarette use; NNAL levels decreased by 96%, from a mean of 143.4 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 86.7-237.0 pg/mg creatinine) to 6.3 pg/mg creatinine (95% CI, 3.5-11.4 pg/mg creatinine; P < .001). Nicotine metabolites, TSNAs, PAHs, and VOCs significantly increased when baseline exclusive e-cigarette users transitioned to exclusive cigarette use or dual use. Switching from exclusive cigarette use to dual use was not associated with significant decreases in BOEs. This national cohort study provides evidence on the potential harm reduction associated with transitioning from exclusive cigarette use or dual use to exclusive e-cigarette use. e-Cigarettes tend to supplement cigarettes through dual use instead of cessation at the population level. Continuous monitoring of BOE at the population level and assessment of BOE change by product transition are warranted, as well as defined adverse health outcomes.

ABSTRACTThe main aim of the article is to describe the phenomenon of the festival marketplace using the example of Manufaktura in Łódź, which is a post-socialist Polish city. The article presents the concept, the development of large shopping centres, and the main socio-economic and spatial urban transformations that accompanied the creation of Manufaktura. The research methods included analysis of Internet and statistical data, participant observation, one in-depth interview, and a large number of semi-structured interviews. The results of the study confirm that Manufaktura – a large arts centre, shopping mall, and leisure complex built in the revitalized part of a former textile factory – represents most of the festival marketplace features. Additionally, revitalization reflects urban transformation processes in post-socialist cities, such as functional transformation, deindustrialization, internationalization of trade, privatization, or changes in consumer behaviour. The author concludes that Manufaktura is now an important part of the revitalized urban geographical space in Łódź. It performs essential urban functions, not only commercial but also cultural and tourism-related.

Cultural landscapes explain the evolution of human society and settlement under the influence of the physical constraints and or opportunities offered by the natural environment. It is possible to understand this evolution of industrial landscape by exposing the public memory of its time. Industrial and cultural landscape gives information about the production technology of it’ period and also clue about the settlement areas where the labor force that provides the production in the industrial landscape realizes the housing and socio-cultural activities. In this study Kayseri Sümerbank Textile Factory was selected as a case study, which had continued its function as a factory until 1999, then came to life as a university in 2014. In this study; cultural mapping that will reflect the daily life activities to be created after the in-depth interviews and participatory drawing techniques with the user group who have experienced the factory life in the past and experiencing the university campus life nowadays, then these data will be overlapped and visualized in a digital interface. The result of the study could show us to the continuity of the settlement between the past and present, changing daily life patterns depending on the changing function.

The analysis of the educational attainment by Gender tells us about the general demand for education and qualitative change both in population and labor force. The term educational attainment used here refers to the actual level of education completed by a person as it is superior to the enrolment ratio - as a proxy for educational attainment - especially for the measurement of the stock of human capital. The study aims at exploring the educational characteristics of population by gender, as compare with that of labor force during the past three decades. Also the study aims at exploring the educational status of female population and labor force and will finding out whether this status has improved or worsened. The study attempts to find out the relation between the educational level of population and the participation rate in the labor force. To achieve the above aims the study employs the descriptive and the analytical statistical methods through some quantitative comparisons for the characteristics of population and labor force .From the analysis of the related data the study revealed an increasing demand for education not in terms of educational enrollment but in terms of actual educational attainment. The study also found that the labor force is much better educated than population while the analysis of educational attainment by gender indicated that the improvement was in favor of female population and labor force.

This study aims to analyze the labor force, labor force participation rate, and employment opportunities in East Java. The method used is the observation of secondary data from the Planning and Development Agencies of East Java (BAPPEDA JATIM) and also the central website of the National Bureau of Statistic (BPS). Then, data is analyzed and processed using Spectrum software. The result of labor force data analysis shows that the city of Surabaya is the region with the largest labor force that is 1.336.932 people, while the city of Mojokerto has the lowest number of labor force is 61.459 inhabitants. The total labor force in an area is affected by the number of indigenous peoples and the rate of urbanization, which residents hope to obtain better education and employment. The highest labor force participation rate was found in Pacitan district area of 83%, while the lowest was Probolinggo district at 63%. The highest employment data analysis result is found Surabaya city with the number of 1.245.542 job opportunities. Some of the factors that affect employment opportunities include the economic conditions of an area, population growth rate, resource quality, the amount of income, and age structure of the population.

Unlike prime-age Americans, who have experienced declines in employment and labor force participation since the onset of the Great Recession, Americans past 60 have seen their employment and labor force participation rates increase. In order to understand the contrasting labor force developments among the old, on the one hand, and the prime-aged, on the other, this paper develops and analyzes a new data file containing information on monthly labor force changes of adults interviewed in the Current Population Survey (CPS). The paper documents notable differences among age groups with respect to the changes in labor force transition rates that have occurred over the past two decades. What is crucial for understanding the surprising strength of old-age labor force participation and employment are changes in labor force transition probabilities within and across age groups.The paper identifies several shifts that help account for the increase in old-age employment and labor force participation:- Like workers in all age groups, workers in older groups saw a surge in monthly transitions from employment to unemployment in the Great Recession.- Unlike workers in prime-age and younger groups, however, older workers also saw a sizeable decline in exits to nonparticipation during and after the recession. While the surge in exits from employment to unemployment tended to reduce the employment rates of all age groups, the drop in employment exits to nonparticipation among the aged tended to hold up labor force participation rates and employment rates among the elderly compared with the nonelderly. Among the elderly, but not the nonelderly, the exit rate from employment into nonparticipation fell more than the exit rate from employment into unemployment increased.- The Great Recession and slow recovery from that recession made it harder for the unemployed to transition into employment. Exit rates from unemployment into employment fell sharply in all age groups, old and young.- In contrast to unemployed workers in younger age groups, the unemployed in the oldest age groups also saw a drop in their exits to nonparticipation. Compared with the nonaged, this tended to help maintain the labor force participation rates of the old.- Flows from out-of-the-labor-force status into employment have declined for most age groups, but they have declined the least or have actually increased modestly among older nonparticipants. Some of the favorable trends seen in older age groups are likely to be explained, in part, by the substantial improvement in older Americans’ educational attainment. Better educated older people tend to have lower monthly flows from employment into unemployment and nonparticipation, and they have higher monthly flows from nonparticipant status into employment compared with less educated workers.The policy implications of the paper are:- A serious recession inflicts severe and immediate harm on workers and potential workers in all age groups, in the form of layoffs and depressed prospects for finding work.- Unlike younger age groups, however, workers in older groups have high rates of voluntary exit from employment and the workforce, even when labor markets are strong. Consequently, reduced rates of voluntary exit from employment and the labor force can have an outsize impact on their employment and participation rates.- The aged, as a whole, can therefore experience rising employment and participation rates even as a minority of aged workers suffer severe harm as a result of permanent job loss at an unexpectedly early age and exceptional difficulty finding a new job.- Between 2001 and 2015, the old-age employment and participation rates rose, apparently signaling that older workers did not suffer severe harm in the Great Recession.- Analysis of the gross flow data suggests, however, that the apparent improvements were the combined result of continued declines in age-specific voluntary exit rates, mostly from the ranks of the employed, and worsening reemployment rates among the unemployed. The older workers who suffered involuntary layoffs were more numerous than before the Great Recession, and they found it much harder to get reemployed than laid off workers in years before 2008. The turnover data show that it has proved much harder for these workers to recover from the loss of their late-career job loss.

Is rs34861192 or rs1862513 a more promising variant for determining plasma resistin in an aged Japanese population?

IntroductionStudies in Latin America have focused either on analyzing factors associated with exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) or infant formula (IF).PurposeAnalyze the association between economic, sociodemographic, and health factors with EBF, mixed milk feeding (MixMF), and exclusive use of IF in three Latin American and Caribbean countries in the 1990s, 2000s, and 2010s.MethodsCross-sectional time-series study using data from Demographic and Health Surveys between the 1990s and 2010s in Colombia (1995–2010), Haiti (1994–2017), and Peru (1996–2012) accounting for a sample of 12,775 infants under 6 months. Hierarchical logistic multilevel regression models were used to estimate the adjusted association between infant feeding outcomes (EBF, MixMF, exclusive use of IF) and contextual level DHS survey decade (1990s, 2000s and 2010s) and economic factors (Gross Domestic Product by purchasing power parity, female wage and salaried workers, labor force participation rate female) as well as individual level sociodemographic (maternal age, maternal education, number of children in the household, wealth index, mother living with a partner, area of residence, mother working outside of home), and health factors (breastfed in the first hour, C-section).ResultsFactors associated with EBF cessation were c-section (OR: 0.76; 95%CI: 0.64, 0.92), mothers working outside of the home (OR: 0.79; 95%CI: 0.69, 0.90), families in the highest income quintile (OR: 0.64; 95%CI: 0.49, 0.84), and female wage and salaried workers (OR: 0.92; 95%CI: 0.91, 0.94). MixMF was associated with women with higher education (OR: 1.54; 95%CI: 1.21, 1.97), mother working outside of the home (OR: 1.26; 95%CI: 1.10, 1.43), c-section (OR: 1.37; 95%CI: 1.15, 1.62), families in the highest income quintiles (OR: 2.77; 2.10, 3.65). and female wage and salaried workers (OR: 1.08;95% CI: 1.05, 1.09). Exclusive use of IF was associated with a mother working outside of the home (OR: 2.09; 95%CI: 1.41, 3.08), c-section (OR: 1.65; 95%CI: 1.09, 2.51), families in the highest income quintiles (OR: 12.08; 95% CI: 4.26, 34.28), the 2010s (OR: 3.81; 95%CI: 1.86, 7.79), and female wage and salaried workers (OR: 1.12; 95%CI: 1.07, 1.16).Discussion/ConclusionFactors related to women empowerment and gender equality jeopardized EBF and favored the exclusive use of IF in Latin America. Therefore, workplace interventions to promote, protect, and support breastfeeding practices are key to reducing exclusive use of IF.

Baitul Mal in Aceh is different from Baitul Mal in other provinces in Indonesia, where the Baitul Mal Subulusalam Institution is a functional institution while the secretariat is a structural institution that is directly responsible to the mayor. The aim of this research is to analyze the collection and distribution of zakat, infaq and alms funds from philanthropic institutions. The research method uses a qualitative design. The research object is the Baitul Mal Subulussalam institution in Aceh. The data collective conducted interviews with Baitul Mal Subulussalam administrators while data analysis used content analysis. The research results emphasize that the collection of zakat, infaq and alms funds at Baitul Mal Sulussalam comes from three sources. Firstly from the State Civil Apparatus and honorary staff who work in the Aceh Government, employees of state-owned enterprises and regional-owned enterprises in the province of Aceh. The two partners are working together on a government project worth IDR 50,000,000 (Fifty million rupiah). Third, zakat infaq and alms funds from the Muslim community in Aceh. Zakat is levied on employees from class three and above at 2.5% and employees who do not meet the requirements are subject to a 1% deduction from their salary. The collection of Zakat infaq and alms funds at Baitul mall Subulussalam in Aceh has not been implemented optimally even though it has been regulated by the Qonun that every State Civil Apparatus must pay zakat mall through salary deductions. There are still institutions in the government that have not paid zakat mal through Baitul Mal Subulussalam, such as the Republic of Indonesia Police and the National Army in Aceh. So the target for receiving zakat, infaq and alms funds has not yet reached the target. In 2022, the target of receiving zakat infaq and alms funds of twelve billion can only be realized at four point seven billion. The distribution of zakat infaq and alms funds has been carried out to eight eligible asnaf, except for the asnaf riqab, which does not exist. The most dominant distribution of zakat funds is given to Asnaf Fakir and Masakin. Productive zakat has been distributed to ultra-micro traders in order to improve the welfare of the people of Aceh. The distribution of infaq zakat funds and alms distributed for productive zakat is not followed up by providing business assistance.The effectiveness of the distribution of zakat infaq and alms funds at Baitul Mal Subulussalam cannot yet be measured in its success in reducing the poverty rate because the distribution of zakat infaq and alms funds in the form of productive zakat has not been followed up and assisted, so it cannot be measured to what extent the distribution of zakat infaq and alms funds has been succeeded in improving welfare in the form of mustahik turning into muzaki.

: The development of science and technology has encouraged the emergence of new concepts and thoughts to introduce philanthropy in the form of zakat infaq and waqf through the Islamic Commercial System, especially in the Sharia capital market. The implementation of sharia share waqf has started in 2019 and involves IDX Islamic, Securities Companies and Philanthropic Institutions. On this basis, it is necessary to analyze the performance achievements of waqf assets from sharia shares that investors have distributed to waqf institutions. This research uses qualitative methods with data analysis through triangulation. The total assets of share waqf distributed by wakifs (Sharia investors) reached IDR 276,524,244 during 2021 and until December 2022, the value of share waqf reached IDR 285,900,654 with an increase of 3.39% or IDR 9,376,000. MNC Sekuritas has contributed 35% to the achievement of share waqf assets in the Indonesian sharia capital market and 90% of the number of wakifs recorded on IDX Islamic comes from MNC Sekuritas customers, namely 200 sharia investor customers. Sharia share waqf means waqf in the modern era where waqf funds come from the investment value of sharia shares owned by investors and are managed by nadzir through the capital market. The implication of this research is that it is hoped that the performance of waqf assets can be accompanied by an increase in the professionalism of nadzir in managing share waqf assets, which of course is related to nadzir's expertise in managing sharia stock portfolios (waqf assets) in the sharia capital market

BAZNAS as a philanthropic institution in charge of collecting and managing zakat funds contributes to the state to be able to improve the quality of human resources (Human Resources) to achieve development targets, one of which is through planning JABAR CERDAS education programs as a utilization step to maximize the zakat mal funds that have been collected. The purpose of this study is to find out the utilization and optimization of appropriate and targeted zakat mal funds in the JABAR CERDAS Education Program of BAZNAS West Java Province. In the preparation of this thesis, the author uses a descriptive qualitative approach. The data sources used are primary data and secondary data. Research data collection techniques are carried out by observation, interviews, and documentation. The data analysis, techniques used in this study are qualitative inductive with data reduction, data presentation, and the last step is the withdrawal of conclusions. The result of this study is the utilization of zakat mal funds in the JABAR CERDAS Education Program of West Java Province, which is overall creative consumption. But in addition, the programs implemented are conventional productive in which scholarship recipients are given opportunities in the form of mentoring activities as a form of human empowerment efforts that are expected to change those who were original as mustahik , it will become muzakki . The utilization stage is included in the distribution of utilization. For the utilization pattern, it can be seen that the utilization pattern implemented by BAZNAS West Java Province is a contemporary (productive) pattern. Keywords : Utilization, Zakat Mal, Education