Abstract
This chapter presents results of skin friction measurement in complex turbulent flows using direct methods. Skin friction (or wall shear) measurement is an important topic for both scientific and practical reasons. There are two broad classes of methods—indirect and direct measurements. The direct methods employ a movable element of the surface surrounded by a very small gap and connected to some type of flexure. One then measures the displacement of the movable element or the strain in the flexure to obtain the skin friction force acting on the movable element directly. This is the preferred approach for complex flow situations. First, an overview of prior instruments is presented to provide some of the history and characteristics of these units. This is followed by separate sections considering: (1) sensitivity and range, (2) calibration, (3) time response, (4) mitigation of vibration effects, (5) interfering inputs, and (6) uncertainty. The chapter concludes with a brief discussion of recent developments and directions for future research.
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