Abstract
Dioxins is a compound family among persistent organic pollutants toxics produced by industrial wastes. 2,3,7,8-Tetrachlorodibenzo -p-dioxin (TCDD) is a typical representative of dioxins, which not only exhibits systemic carcinogenicity, teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, endocrine disruption and waste syndrome to humans, but also has effects on physiology and pathology of human skin. In general, chloracne is the most sensitive and specific marker for a possible dioxin intoxication. Clinically chloracne is an acneiform dermatosis, characterized by an eruption of multiple comedone-like cysts involving the face and as well as other areas. Atrophy or absence of sebaceous glands and infundibular dilatation or cystic formation of hair follicles could be detected histopathologically. In addition, erythema, oedema, decreased sebum secretion with skin xerosis, pigmentation, porphyrinopathy, hirsutism, skin thickening, palmoplantar hyperhidrosis and palmoplantar hyperkeratotis of sweat gland origin have also been reported after TCDD intoxication. TCDD exhibits various effects on cellular differentiation, inducing melanogenesis and complicated actions on skin inflammation and immunity. The aryl hydrocarbon receptor signaling pathway and epidermal stem cells may be involved in TCDD activity. No effective treatment of TCDD exists
Highlights
Persistent toxic substances include the Stockholm persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin/furan and organometallic compounds, such as organomercury, organotin, and organolead, which all share the same characteristics of being persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative, and able to travel long distances through different media
Hydrogen atoms can be substituted by up to eight chlorines, leading to the development of about 75 isomers. 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) with four chlorine atoms in lateral positions is the most biologically active isomer and is the most toxic substance known as a representative of dioxins [2] (Figure 1)
Dioxins are derived as the unexpected by-products of many industrial processes and can accumulate in soil, sediments and food chains with long half-life of several years, which has potentially major effects on human health, such ascarcinogenicity, teratogenicity, immunotoxicity, hepatotoxicity, endocrine disruption and waste syndrome [2,3]
Summary
Persistent toxic substances include the Stockholm persistent organic pollutants (POPs), such as dichlorodiphenyltrichloroethane, polychlorinated biphenyls, dioxin/furan and organometallic compounds, such as organomercury, organotin, and organolead, which all share the same characteristics of being persistent, toxic, bioaccumulative, and able to travel long distances through different media. 2,3,7,8- Tetrachlorodibenzop-dioxin (TCDD) with four chlorine atoms in lateral positions is the most biologically active isomer and is the most toxic substance known as a representative of dioxins [2] (Figure 1). The skin is the largest organ in the human body and one of its main functions is to protect the body from noxious substances. Environmental pollutants, such as TCDD, have profound effects on normal skin physiology and pathology, and are related to various skin diseases [4]. We will focus on the effect of TCDD on human skin
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