Abstract
It is known for a long time that the stratum corneum is the main barrier that prevents transdermal delivery of water-soluble drugs, peptides, and proteins. Attempts to overcome this barrier include the development of transdermal delivery systems that are based on fractional ablation of the stratum corneum and epidermis, thus forming multiple of tiny transient pores in a specific zone of the outer skin layers. The ablation was done by various physical energy methods, based on heat, high-frequency electrical current, or laser energy. Formation of multiple tiny pores in the skin enabled efficient transdermal delivery of therapeutic doses of highly water-soluble drugs, including a variety of peptides and proteins. This chapter discusses the unique properties of these transdermal delivery methods, as well as the potential uses of these techniques, such as delivery of active biological compounds as an alternative to injection, transcutaneous vaccination, or delivery of genes into skin cells.
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