Abstract
Skeletal fluorosis resulting from high fluoride level in drinking water is a major public health problem. The present study evaluated the association between exposures to drinking water fluoride and skeletal fluorosis in 5 villages of Poldasht County, Iran. All the data and information on the prevalence of bone diseases were obtained from the Health Record Department, Poldasht Health Centre. To obtain the odds ratio of bone disease problem in different risk factors, when considering the cluster effect of rural area, logistic regression in a multilevel model was used. Results showed that skeletal fluorosis of people who live in areas with high fluoride concentration is 18.1% higher than that of individuals who live in areas with low fluoride concentration. Skeletal fluorosis (54.5%) was observed in the age group of 71 years and above, and was more commonly found in females than males. According to Unadjusted, individuals who consume ≤3 unit milk and dairy products per week have almost the same level of bone diseases as compared to those that consume more than 3 units. This study indicated that, skeletal fluorosis is a general health problem in these rural areas because the results revealed that high percentage of the studied population had symptoms of skeletal fluorosis.
Highlights
Fluoride is one of the anions that endanger human health at concentrations lower and higher than the standard, and this is one of the main problems in most parts of the world
It can be said that skeletal fluorosis problem of people who live in areas with high fluoride concentration is 18.1% higher than that of individuals who live in areas with low fluoride concentration
The results of this study showed that 21.1% of people who live in areas with high fluoride concentrations have skeletal fluorosis, which means, among the 445 people who live in this region, 94 have skeletal fluorosis (94/445) and 3% of those who live in areas with low fluoride concentration have skeletal fluorosis, meaning that among the 470 people who live in this area, 14 have skeletal fluorosis (14/470) (Table 1)
Summary
Fluoride is one of the anions that endanger human health at concentrations lower and higher than the standard, and this is one of the main problems in most parts of the world. Fluoride is absorbed by the human body through food, drinking water, toothpaste, mouthwash products and air, but air cannot be a major source for absorption of this element; the gastrointestinal tract is one of the main routes through which fluoride is absorbed and food is the most important source. Many epidemiological studies have shown that absorption of fluoride in drinking water in the long term leads to adverse effects on the human skeletal tissue. The aim of the present study was to investigate the prevalence of skeletal diseases among people in two municipalities that had different standards with regards to control of the optimal fluoride concentration in water consumed by the population
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