Abstract
Ladders with 2N spins-1/2 and singlet (S = 0) ground states are studied numerically using exact diagonalization and density matrix renormalization group (DMRG) calculations. The curvatures E ″(s) of states with the lowest energy E(s) at spin s = S/N ≤ 1 are obtained in the thermodynamic limit. All states have E ″(s) > 0 in two phases, one with strong F exchange J F in rungs, the other with strong F exchange J L in legs. The Dimer phase with frustrated F exchanges has one or more states with E ″(s) < 0. All three phases have finite gaps to the lowest triplet state. The ladder at J F → ∞ is adiabatically connected to the spin-1 Heisenberg AF chain, and at J L → ∞ to the J 1 − J 2 model.
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