Single-cell transcriptomics reveals the regulation of bco1 and bco2 genes in the carotenoid metabolism of koi carp.

Analysis of the mechanism of lncRNA_89636 in the regulation of asip by targeting miR-200a in koi carp skin color differentiation.

BackgroundLong non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) perform crucial roles in biological process involving complex mechanisms. However, information regarding their abundance, characteristics and potential functions linked to fish skin color is limited. Herein, Illumina sequencing and bioinformatics were conducted on black, white, and red skin of Koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).ResultsA total of 590,415,050 clean reads, 446,614 putative transcripts, 4252 known and 72,907 novel lncRNAs were simultaneously obtained, including 92 significant differentially expressed lncRNAs and 722 mRNAs. Ccr_lnc5622441 and Ccr_lnc765201 were up-regulated in black and red skin, Ccr_lnc14074601 and Ccr_lnc2382951 were up-regulated in white skin, and premelanosome protein a (Pmela), Pmelb and tyrosinase (Tyr) were up-regulated in black skin. The expression patterns of 18 randomly selected differentially expressed genes were validated using the quantitative real-time PCR method. Moreover, 70 lncRNAs acting on 107 target mRNAs in cis and 79 lncRNAs acting on 41,625 target mRNAs in trans were investigated. The resulting co-expression networks revealed that a single lncRNA can connect with numerous mRNAs, and vice versa. To further reveal their potential functions, Gene Ontology (GO) terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways were analyzed, and membrane, pigment cell development, cAMP signaling, melanogenesis and tyrosine metabolism appear to affect skin pigmentation. Additionally, three lncRNAs (Ccr_lnc142711, Ccr_lnc17214525 and Ccr_lnc14830101) and three mRNAs (Asip, Mitf and Tyr) involved in the melanogenesis pathway were investigated in terms of potential functions in embryogenesis and different tissues.ConclusionsThe findings broaden our understanding of lncRNAs and skin color genetics, and provide new insight into the mechanisms underlying lncRNA-mediated pigmentation and differentiation in Koi carp.

Wild-collected adults of Bombina orientalis are bright green dorsally and red to red-orange ventrally. As a prelude to an analysis of the differentiation of pigment cells in developing B. orientalis, we describe structural and chemical aspects of the fully differentiated pigment pattern of the "normal" adult. Structurally, differences between dorsal green and ventral red skin are summarized as follows: (1) Dorsal green skin contains a "typical" dermal chromatophore unit comprised of melanophores, iridophores, and xanthophores. Red skin contains predominantly carotenoid-containing xanthophores (erythrophores), and skin from black spot areas contains only melanophores. (2) In ventral red skin, there is also a thin layer of deep-lying iridophores that presumably are not involved in the observed color pattern. (3) Xanthophores of red and green skin are morphologically distinguishable from each other. Dorsal skin xanthophores contain both pterinosomes and carotenoid vesicles; ventral skin xanthophores contain only carotenoid vesicles. Carotenoid vesicles in dorsal xanthophores are much larger but less electron dense than comparable structures in ventral xanthophores. The presence of carotenes in ventral skin accounts for the bright red-orange color of the belly of this frog. Similar pigments are also present in green skin, but in smaller quantities and in conjunction with both colored (yellow) and colorless pteridines. From spectral data obtained for xanthophore pigments and structural data obtained from the size and arrangement of reflecting platelets in the iridophore layer, we attempt to explain the phenomenon of observed green color in B. orientalis.

Transcriptomic and proteomic analyses reveal the common and unique pathway(s) underlying different skin colors of leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus)

Spotted scat (Scatophagus argus) is an economically important marine species in China, with high ornamental and edible value. The effects of dietary supplementation of Lianjiang red orange peels, a natural carotenoid source, at 0, 3, 6, 9 and 12%, hereafter referred to as G0, G3, G6, G9 and G12, were measured on color values, carotenoid content, expression of genes such as cyp2j6, cyp1a1, hsp70, slc2a11, bco2, cyp26c1 after 4 weeks. Subsequently, the different color values (L*, a*, and b*), total carotenoids content, and gene expression pattern were analyzed. In the groups fed diets containing more than 9% Lianjiang red orange peels (9% and 12%), the L* value (lightness) decreased, while the a* value (redness) increased in red skin, and b* value (yellowness) increased in caudal fin (P < 0.05). Additionally, the total carotenoids content in red skin of the G9 group and caudal fin of the G12 group was substantially higher than in the other groups (P < 0.05). By comparative transcriptome analysis of the red skin in G0 and G9 groups, 419 differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified, of which 237 were upregulated and 182 were downregulated. Genes involved in carotenoid deposition (cyp2j6, cyp1a1) and pigment cell development (hsp70, slc2a11) were significantly upregulated, whereas genes related to carotenoid decomposition (bco2) and retinoic acid metabolism (cyp26c1) were significantly downregulated in the G9 group. These findings suggest that Lianjiang red orange peels, as a natural carotenoid source, enhance body coloration by influencing the deposition of carotenoid, pteridine pigments, erythrophore development, and inhibiting the oxidative cleavage of carotenoid and retinoic acid metabolism. This study enhances body coloration by influencing carotenoid and pteridine pigment deposition, and provides theoretical guidance for aquaculture practices involving spotted scat.

Leopard coral grouper (Plectropomus leopardus), possessing a distinct red body color, is an important species in commercial markets; however, the high ratio of black individuals under intensive cultivation has limited the commercial value of the species. To dissect the regulatory mechanisms underlying the red skin trait in P. leopardus, gene expression and DNA methylation modifications were compared between red and black skin tissues after astaxanthin treatment. Astaxanthin effectively increased the redness value a* and body weight. Multi-omics analyses revealed the crucial roles of pathways related to antioxidants and lipid metabolism, particularly "Tyrosine metabolism", "Melanogenesis", "Fatty acid metabolism", "Fatty acid elongation", and "Biosynthesis of unsaturated acids", in red skin coloration. A molecular network for the regulation of red skin coloration in P. leopardus was constructed, and pmel, tyr, tyrp1a, tyrp1b, dct, slc24a5, wnt1, acsl4, elovl1, elovl6l.1, elovl6l.2, and elovl7 were identified as key genes. Notably, pmel, acsl4, and elovl7 were negatively regulated by differential DNA methylation. Our results provide new insight into the molecular and epigenetic mechanisms of body color variation, representing a significant step towards breeding for the red skin trait in P. leopardus.

A Regenerative Role for Bone Marrow Following Experimental Colitis: Contribution to Neovasculogenesis and Myofibroblasts

Targeted metabolomics revealed the seasonal plasticity of skin color and pigment metabolites in ornamental koi carp

Introduction and objectives: Androgen receptor (AR) is involved in development prostate cancer (CaP), and is a primary target for treatment of CaP. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) inhibits AR signaling by reducing AR ligands and/or blocking AR-ligand binding. ADT induces apoptosis of both endothelial cells and epithelial cells of human prostate, with apoptosis of endothelial cells preceding the apoptosis of epithelial cells. Further, the AR response to stimulation by androgen also differs between the 2 cell types. The current understanding of AR signaling was gained predominantly using CaP cell lines and samples prepared from whole tissue specimens. The present study sought to delineate AR signaling specifically in endothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells isolated from fresh clinical prostate tissue specimens and primary xenografts of human prostate tissue. Our results reveal the potentially different roles of AR signaling in different human prostate cell compartments, how AR regulates normal differentiated cell functions, and the biological consequences of ADT. Methods: Prostate tissue remnants were transplanted to male nude mice that were castrated and implanted with a sustained delivery device to maintain testosterone at human plasma levels. Endothelial and epithelial cells of both fresh prostate tissue and prostate tissue xenografts were isolated sequentially using magnetic beads conjugated with an antibody specific to epithelial cell or endothelial cell surface markers; the remaining cell fraction was defined as stromal cells. Transcriptomes were obtained using RNASeq, and were analyzed for differential expression of AR-regulated genes, AR co-regulators, and androgen metabolism enzymes. Results: Antibody-mediated cell type-specific enrichment isolated effectively the 3 cell types from the prostate from 16 patients. Among 1263 AR-regulated genes, 399, 313, and 223 were predominantly expressed in epithelial, endothelial or stromal cells, respectively. Among 179 AR co-regulators, 26, 26, and 18 were expressed predominantly in epithelial, endothelial or stromal cells, respectively. Among 128 potential androgen metabolic enzyme genes, 42, 15, and 12 were expressed predominantly in epithelial, endothelial or stromal cells, respectively. Conclusions: Differences in expression of genes associated with AR-mediated trans-regulation were apparent between the different cell types of prostate, whereas, the difference in expression of androgen metabolism genes was less striking. Therefore, the organ level outcome of ADT can only be understood by determining the response of the different cell types in CaP tissue. Citation Format: Nelson T. Gross, Jianming Wang, Gary Smith, Yue Wu. Molecular dissection of androgen receptor signaling in prostatic endothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1015.

Introduction and objectives: Androgen receptor (AR) is involved in development prostate cancer (CaP), and is a primary target for treatment of CaP. Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) inhibits AR signaling by reducing AR ligands and/or blocking AR-ligand binding. ADT induces apoptosis of both endothelial cells and epithelial cells of human prostate, with apoptosis of endothelial cells preceding the apoptosis of epithelial cells. Further, the AR response to stimulation by androgen also differs between the 2 cell types. The current understanding of AR signaling was gained predominantly using CaP cell lines and samples prepared from whole tissue specimens. The present study sought to delineate AR signaling specifically in endothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells isolated from fresh clinical prostate tissue specimens and primary xenografts of human prostate tissue. Our results reveal the potentially different roles of AR signaling in different human prostate cell compartments, how AR regulates normal differentiated cell functions, and the biological consequences of ADT. Methods: Prostate tissue remnants were transplanted to male nude mice that were castrated and implanted with a sustained delivery device to maintain testosterone at human plasma levels. Endothelial and epithelial cells of both fresh prostate tissue and prostate tissue xenografts were isolated sequentially using magnetic beads conjugated with an antibody specific to epithelial cell or endothelial cell surface markers; the remaining cell fraction was defined as stromal cells. Transcriptomes were obtained using RNASeq, and were analyzed for differential expression of AR-regulated genes, AR co-regulators, and androgen metabolism enzymes. Results: Antibody-mediated cell type-specific enrichment isolated effectively the 3 cell types from the prostate from 16 patients. Among 1263 AR-regulated genes, 399, 313, and 223 were predominantly expressed in epithelial, endothelial or stromal cells, respectively. Among 179 AR co-regulators, 26, 26, and 18 were expressed predominantly in epithelial, endothelial or stromal cells, respectively. Among 128 potential androgen metabolic enzyme genes, 42, 15, and 12 were expressed predominantly in epithelial, endothelial or stromal cells, respectively. Conclusions: Differences in expression of genes associated with AR-mediated trans-regulation were apparent between the different cell types of prostate, whereas, the difference in expression of androgen metabolism genes was less striking. Therefore, the organ level outcome of ADT can only be understood by determining the response of the different cell types in CaP tissue. Citation Format: Nelson T. Gross, Jianming Wang, Gary Smith, Yue Wu. Molecular dissection of androgen receptor signaling in prostatic endothelial, epithelial, and stromal cells [abstract]. In: Proceedings of the American Association for Cancer Research Annual Meeting 2019; 2019 Mar 29-Apr 3; Atlanta, GA. Philadelphia (PA): AACR; Cancer Res 2019;79(13 Suppl):Abstract nr 1015.

Reduction Of Histone H1 Cytotoxicity By Activated Protein C and Its Exosite Variants

Identification, characterization and differential expression analysis of a pteridine synthesis related gene, Ccptps, in koi carp (Cyprinus carpio L.).

Decision letter: Dynamic persistence of UPEC intracellular bacterial communities in a human bladder-chip model of urinary tract infection

Inhibition of sphingosine-1-phosphate- and vascular endothelial growth factor-induced endothelial cell chemotaxis by red grape skin polyphenols correlates with a decrease in early platelet-activating factor synthesis

The broad spectrum of interepithelial junctions in skin and lung