Abstract
In the present paper, the synthesis of cobalt ferrite/reduced graphene oxide (Co2Fe2O4/rGO) composite and its use for the simultaneous determination of uric acid (UA), xanthine (XA), and hypoxanthine (HX) is demonstrated. Cobalt ferrite hollow spheres were synthesized by using the carbonaceous polysaccharide microspheres prepared from aD-glucose solution as templates, followed by calcination. The CoFe2O4/rGO composite was prepared with the ultrasound-assisted method. The obtained material was characterized by using X-ray diffraction, scanning electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy, EDX elemental mapping, and nitrogen adsorption/desorption isotherms. The electrochemical behavior of UA, XA, and HX on the CoFe2O4/rGO-modified electrode was studied with cyclic voltammetry and differential pulse voltammetry (DPV). The modified electrode exhibits excellent electrocatalytic activity towards the oxidation of the three compounds. The calibration curves for UA, XA, and HX were obtained over the range of 2.0–10.0 μM from DPV. The limits of detection for UA, XA, and HX are 0.767, 0.650, and 0.506 μM, respectively. The modified electrode was applied to the simultaneous detection of UA, XA, and HX in human urine, and the results are consistent with those obtained from the high-performance liquid chromatography technique.
Highlights
Uric acid (UA: 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione), xanthine (XA: 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione), and hypoxanthine (HX: 1H-purin-6(9H)-one) are oxidation products of purine nucleotide and deoxynucleotide metabolisms in human beings
Another weight loss of about 50 wt.% at around 400°C is assigned to the combustion of reduced graphene oxide (rGO) in the
The surface area of the CoFe2O4/rGO composite is nearly fivefold compared with that of pure CoFe2O4. These findings indicate that cobalt ferrite particles are highly dispersed on the rGO matrix, and the material possesses a large surface area
Summary
Uric acid (UA: 7,9-dihydro-1H-purine-2,6,8(3H)-trione), xanthine (XA: 3,7-dihydropurine-2,6-dione), and hypoxanthine (HX: 1H-purin-6(9H)-one) are oxidation products of purine nucleotide and deoxynucleotide metabolisms in human beings. The purine oxidation products are simultaneously determined with different techniques, such as capillary electrophoresis [2], enzymatic spectrophotometry [3], and high-performance liquid chromatography [4, 5] These methods require complicated sample preparation, expensive material, and considerable time. The synthesis and design of new electrode modifiers with numerous electrochemical sensing properties have been a great concern to many scientists One of these modifiers is cobalt ferrite (CoFe2O4). We prepared cobalt ferrite hollow spheres to fabricate a CoFe2O4/rGO-modified electrode We used this electrode to study the electrochemical behaviors on UA, XA, and HA oxidations by using cyclic and differential pulse voltammetry.
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