Abstract
Simulation exercises are of particular relevance in the presentation of issues in environmental aspects of biology. Three examples, which require no special apparatus or materials, are described, each being presented in a different way and relating to a different aspect of the subject. A series of prepared sheets lists basic parameters which influence the size of a population of herbivorous mammals, different combinations of factors and random events yielding a wide range of population changes in the course of a simulation during which the participants carry out simple arithmetical calculations of natality, mortality and changes in age-distribution of the population. Pollution, arising from several industrial and agricultural sources, combines with fluctuation in flow rate to bring about changes in the biota of a river. The changes are illustrated by altering the positions of cards on a board; the events which generate the changes being brought about by drawing cards from a pack. Participants take turns t...
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