Simulation-Based System Modeling of Grazing Land Management for Beef Cattle Development in East Luwu, Indonesia

Over time, land use in East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia has undergone changes, both to meet development needs due to population growth and to meet the economic needs of the community. The regional regulation of East Luwu Regency concerning the spatial plan of East Luwu Regency in 2010-2030 has established a protected area as part of the regional spatial plan of East Luwu Regency. To monitor changes in land use, remote sensing is one that can be used. It offers a variety of benefits in LULC (Land Use and Land Cover) study. This study utilizes remote sensing data and GIS software to analyze land cover in East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi, Indonesia with the aim of (1) evaluating the suitability of existing land use against the regional spatial plan of East Luwu Regency (2) knowing the factors that influence change in land use. This research is a non-experimental research type. The type of data used is secondary data. The method used is the spatial analysis method by conducting an overlay analysis between the 2019 land use map and the East Luwu Regency spatial plan map using ArcGIS 10.3 software. The results showed that there were 36.068,106 Ha of land use that were not in accordance with the regional spatial plan and 32.2056,203 Ha of land use that were in accordance with the regional spatial plan of a total of 358.124,309 Ha planned for protected areas. Most of the land use in the protected area is in accordance with the spatial plan, which is 89.92%, while the land use that is not in accordance with the spatial plan is 10.07%. Factors that influencing land use change in protected areas are population growth, increasing economic needs and lack of socialization to the community.

In an effort to control carbon emissions in the air, steps taken are improving forest vegetation and protecting natural forest vegetation as the biggest absorber of carbon gas emissions. Cocoa as the largest plantation crop in Indonesia is expected to be able to absorb CO2 gas emissions in the air due to its ability to absorb carbon. A carbon analysis study was carried out on cacao plantation to determine the level of carbon uptake in each cropping system in South Sulawesi. Hence, the results of the analysis can be a reference in climate change mitigation efforts. Three regencies, each with 3 districts were selected as study locations, namely East Luwu Regency (Burau, Wotu and Mumpangana Districts), Pinrang Regency (Patampanua, Batulappa and Lembang Districts), and Bantaeng Regency (Gantarangkeke, Tompobulu, and Eremerasa Districts). Carbon stored measurements was conducted using allometric formula. Measurements were carried out on 200 m2 observation plot. Results show that carbon sequestration levels were 33.19 tons C/Ha, 25.52 tons C/Ha, 32.07 tons C/Ha in East Luwu, Pinrang and Bantaeng regencies, respectively. The amount of carbon emissions absorbed in East Luwu Regency was 57.46 t/Ha, Pinrang Regency 67.12 t/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 60.07 t/Ha. The CO2 content based on the composition of land cover in East Luwu Regency was 121.81 tons CO2/Ha, Pinrang Regency 93.69 tons CO2/Ha, and Bantaeng Regency 117.70 tons CO2/Ha.

Collective management on communal grazing lands: Its impact on vegetation attributes and soil erosion in the upper Blue Nile basin, northwestern Ethiopia

Deforestation is an activity or process that converts forest cover into non-forest land cover with a certain pattern. Palopo and East Luwu are two districts in South Sulawesi deforested due to the demand of the human need to convert the land into settlements, infrastructure and timber harvesting. This research was conducted to find out the temporal spatial pattern in dealing with deforestation. Analysis of spatial patterns using fragstat software with input data i.e. land cover shapefile data in 1990, 2000, 2010, and 2016 that produced contour in metrics, and its subdivision in metrics. Temporal spatial patterns of deforestation are built by combining three spatial metric values. Based on the description of deforestation analysis in Palopo Municipality covering 852,96 ha and East Luwu with 86,963,46 ha, Palopo Municipality experienced the highest deforestation from 1990 to 2000 amounted to 451.69 ha and continued to decline in the period of 2000-2010 and 2010-2016. Deforestation in East Luwu Regency is the highest in the 1990-2000 period which is 38.655,05 ha. Deforestation in East Luwu Regency has higher contiguity than deforestation occurring in Palopo Municipality indicating that the occurrence of deforestation occurring in East Luwu Regency occurred directly from previously degraded areas to adjacent forest areas. Palopo and East Luwu Regency show fragmentation rates that tend to decrease due to the decreasing number of fillings that are formed the largest combination of spatial patterns occurring during the observation period was the spatial pattern of deforestation grouped, with high density (not fragmented) in 50 villages (61.72%).

Chocolate (Theobrema cacao Linnaeus) is a plantation commodity that is most important in Indonesia's economic development. In South Sulawesi, especially the Tarengge area, East Luwu Regency, there is no innovation of chocolate drinks in East Luwu. While in the area of East Luwu district is famous for being a district with the largest producer of chocolate fruit in South Sulawesi, the purpose of this study was to determine the effect of the addition of ginger to ginger chocolate instant drink with the best ratio of chemical tests including yield, moisture content and organoleptic.
 This study was conducted with four treatments with three repetitions. the comparison of ginger in instant drinks with the ratio of A (without ginger), B (1: 1), C (1: 1.5), D (1: 2). This study uses the Complete Randomized Design (CRD) analysis method, and will be followed by an additional test, namely the Duncan Test if there are significant differences.
 The highest sugar content was found in treatment B (1;1) 29.41, and the highest water content was in treatment C 3.00 (1:1.5). While the highest treatment in color aspect A1 (Control), aroma aspect C (1:1.5) and taste aspect C (1:1.5) and texture aspect D (1:2).
 Keywords: Chocolate Fruit, Ginger, Sugar content, Crystallization, Instant Beverage

There is rapidly growing national interest in grazing lands’ soil health, which has been motivated by the current soil health renaissance in cropland agriculture. In contrast to intensively managed croplands, soil health for grazing lands, especially rangelands, is tempered by limited scientific evidence clearly illustrating positive feedbacks between soil health and grazing land resilience, or sustainability. Opportunities exist for improving soil health on grazing lands with intensively managed plant communities (e.g., pasture systems) and formerly cultivated or degraded lands. Therefore, the goal of this paper is to provide direction and recommendations for incorporating soil health into grazing management considerations on grazing lands. We argue that the current soil health renaissance should not focus on improvement of soil health on grazing lands where potential is limited but rather forward science-based management for improving grazing lands’ resilience to environmental change via 1) refocusing grazing management on fundamental ecological processes (water and nutrient cycling and energy flow) rather than maximum short-term profit or livestock production; 2) emphasizing goal-based management with adaptive decision making informed by specific objectives incorporating maintenance of soil health at a minimum and directly relevant monitoring attributes; 3) advancing holistic and integrated approaches for soil health that highlight social-ecological-economic interdependencies of these systems, with particular emphasis on human dimensions; 4) building cross-institutional partnerships on grazing lands’ soil health to enhance technical capacities of students, land managers, and natural resource professionals; and 5) creating a cross-region, living laboratory network of case studies involving producers using soil health as part of their grazing land management. Collectively, these efforts could foster transformational changes by strengthening the link between natural resources stewardship and sustainable grazing lands management through management-science partnerships in a social-ecological systems framework.

This research examines the following problems: (1) How is the description of the classroom management of SDN 156 students in Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency? How is the learning motivation of SDN 156 students in Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency? (3) Is there a relationship between classroom management and student motivation at SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency? The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) To determine the description of the classroom management of SDN 156 students, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency; (2) To determine the learning motivation of students of SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency; (3) To find out whether there is a relationship between classroom management and student motivation at SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency. This research approach is quantitative with the type of ex-postfacto research. This research design is correlational. The sample selection in this study using purposive sampling technique. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation. The normality test used the KolmogrovSmirnov Normality Test with the results of a questionnaire that was normally distributed. Hypothesis testing uses 2 methods, namely the correlation test and the coefficient of determination test. An overview of the class management of SDN 156 students in Kalaena district, East Luwu district, is in the Hight category. As for the description of student learning motivation when it is in the sufficient category too. The conclusion of the study shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between classroom management and student motivation in SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency.

This research examines the following problems: (1) How is the description of the classroom management of SDN 156 students in Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency? How is the learning motivation of SDN 156 students in Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency? (3) Is there a relationship between classroom management and student motivation at SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency? The purpose of this study was to determine: (1) To determine the description of the classroom management of SDN 156 students, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency; (2) To determine the learning motivation of students of SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency; (3) To find out whether there is a relationship between classroom management and student motivation at SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency. This research approach is quantitative with the type of ex-postfacto research. This research design is correlational. The sample selection in this study using purposive sampling technique. The data collection techniques used were questionnaires and documentation. The normality test used the KolmogrovSmirnov Normality Test with the results of a questionnaire that was normally distributed. Hypothesis testing uses 2 methods, namely the correlation test and the coefficient of determination test. An overview of the class management of SDN 156 students in Kalaena district, East Luwu district, is in the Hight category. As for the description of student learning motivation when it is in the sufficient category too. The conclusion of the study shows that there is a positive and significant relationship between classroom management and student motivation in SDN 156, Kalaena District, East Luwu Regency.

Grazing land ecosystem services including food provision and climate regulation are greatly influenced by soil health. This paper provides a condensed review of studies on the response of three important soil properties related to soil health to grazing land management: water infiltration, carbon (C) sequestration, and nitrogen use efficiency (NUE). Impacts of management strategies that are often used in grazing lands are discussed in this review including vegetation composition, grazing methods, and other factors such as fertilizer use and climatic conditions. In general, proper grazing management such as continuous moderate grazing and rotational/deferred-rotational grazing with low or moderate stocking rates tends to benefit all three soil properties. Water infiltration can usually be increased with full vegetation cover, increased soil C, and aggregate stability, or be decreased with greater soil bulk density. Adoption of highly productive plant species with faster turnover rates can promote soil C sequestration by increasing C input. However, excessive C removal from ecosystems due to overgrazing or improper soil fertilization management results in higher C loss, which can have detrimental effects on soil C sequestration. Proper stocking rate and a balanced manure/fertilizer management was found to be critical for enhancing NUE. Grazing land management sometimes simultaneously influence the three soil properties. Techniques that can increase soil C such as introduction of high productive plant species can often promote water infiltration and soil nitrogen (N). Some other practices such as adoption of N fertilizer may enhance C sequestration while being detrimental to NUE. An integrated management plan for a specific location or farm should be considered carefully to improve soil health as well as ecosystem production. This review provides farmers and policy makers the current state of general knowledge on how health-related soil processes are affected by grazing land management.

Climate change issues pose complex social and ecological challenges to rural communities in East Luwu Regency, Indonesia. This can be overcome through a collaborative, sustainable, and distributed innovation process for regional resilience and independence in each innovation sector. This study examines the concept of rural living as an inter-organizational interaction design and the process of developing sustainable rural innovation, where multi-stakeholder interaction forms the Quintuple Helix innovation model through a multidimensional case study design that focuses on the concept of innovation participation, knowledge production, innovation ecosystem as a social subsystem system, and socioecological transition toward developing independent rural areas, sustainability of rural innovation programs, and disaster preparedness in East Luwu Regency. This research method is qualitative-explorative with a case study approach exploring the social and ecological systems of rural communities in East Luwu Regency, Indonesia to provide a deeper understanding of the rural innovation process to address socio-ecological challenges through the importance of government-public-private-university synergy and its context in the Magani and Sorowako Villages, East Luwu Regency. The results of this study indicate that the strength of the innovation driver resulting from the cooperation between the East Luwu Government and PT Vale Tbk is the key to the sustainability of village innovations that encourage village innovation and village community participation in the village innovation process so that it has an impact on village community independence and environmental sustainability in East Luwu Regency. However, village innovation in East Luwu Regency still needs to be improved in terms of communication and coordination between actors and sectors.

Changes in land use in protected forest areas to pepper plantations are one of the serious problems that occur around the Koro Bakara watershed in East Luwu. This study aims to determine (1) irregularities in land use in the Koro Bakara watershed at East Luwu, (2) The level of flood vulnerability in the Bakara East Luwu watershed as a result of land use mismatch. This research was carried out in the East Luwu Koro Bakara watershed area with a total watershed area of 14,010 ha, administratively located in the Sorowako area, Towuti District, East Luwu Regency. The method used was the SWAT Method (Soil and Water Assessment Tool) by using ArcSwat software. This research is included in non-experimental research, namely by using direct observation in the field. Input data in the SWAT Model are slopes, land cover, climate, and soil types. The research shows that the total area of forest area that is in accordance with the pattern of space is only 15.92% for protected forest areas and 6.04% for limited production forest areas. In the Koro Bakara watershed based on the results of the wetness index analysis, there were 71.24% of the watershed area included in the category of no potential, 1.03% of the watershed area included in the category of medium potential, 27.72% of the watershed included in the category of high potential flooding.

Objective : Gingival pigmentation (changes of the gingival color) from brown to black discoloration may occur due to exogenous and endogenous factor. Increased concentration of heavy metal in the blood has been known to be one of the exogenous factors that could lead to gingival pigmentation. Nuha is a sub-district in South Sulawesi which soil contains high concentration of nickel and other heavy metals. Heavy metal contaminations in the water, soil, or air have detrimental effects on human health, particularly the oral cavity.Material and Methods : This study proposed to determine the association between duration of residence with gingival pigmentation to the community of Nuha District of East Luwu society. This study was a descriptive observational with cross-sectional study design.Results : The population in this study was all of the Nuha residents. The sampling technique used was simple two-stage cluster sampling. Gingival pigmentation in this study was measured using Dummet Oral Pigmentation Index (DOPI).Conclusion : The data obtained showed significant association between duration of residence with maxillar and mandibular gingival pigmentation in the residents of Nuha District of Luwu Timur. p-value for maxillar DOPI was 0.003 and for mandibular DOPI was 0.000.

Rattan is generally better known as a material for woven crafts for various products such as baskets, mats, lampits, bags, furniture, bridges, bats, ropes, takraw balls, children's toys, and so on. Rattan is an industrial raw material that is classified as environmentally friendly so that the products of the processed rattan industry, directly, are also environmentally friendly products. The policy of banning the export of raw rattan (raw materials) encourages investment in the rattan processing industry. Especially those that produce furniture products and other rattan-based handicrafts. However, from various rattan discussion forums, it has been revealed that there are many things that have not been accommodated by government policies, because they have not touched the problems that exist in the field, both regarding the issue of resources, rattan farmers/collectors, traders, processors, and the rattan trade system itself. To take advantage of this comparative advantage, it is necessary to conduct research on the analysis of the factors that affect the rattan investment in East Luwu district, South Sulawesi.

Monday, July 13th, 2020, Flash floods and landslides have hit the Masamba area, East Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi. The large number of victims and urgent needs and in order to ease the burden on the victims, the Academic Community of the Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu initiated a community service program in Masamba Regency. The purpose of this community service is to show the real action of the social care of the entire Civitas Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu to every disaster that occurs. The Humanitarian Aid Team of the Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu consists of 15 lecturers, staff and students of the Poltekkes Kemenkes palu. The method of implementing this service has four stages including planning to find funds, purchasing the needs of disaster victims, distributing assistance and the last stage, namely meeting the needs of victims. The aid was handed over by the Director of Poltekkes Kemenkes Palu, Palu through the Head of the Center for Research and Community Service to the Head of Disaster Prevention and Management Agency at the Emergency Response Command Post for Flash Floods and Landslides, North Luwu Regency, South Sulawesi Province on July 21, 2020 at the Central Disaster Management Command Post. Masamba Regency, East Luwu, South Sulawesi. The provision of Humanitarian Aid can be carried out properly. Communities victims of Flash floods as beneficiaries have received the assistance. It is recommended for this activity more team members so that the distribution of aid is wider and provides more opportunities for students to get directly involved in humanitarian activities

Study of seismic vulnerability index (Kg) from dominant frequency (f 0 ) and amplification factor (A0) by means of microzonation data has been carried out. The study was conducted to obtain a map of the dominant frequency (f 0 ), the dominant period (T 0 ), and the amplification factor (A0). It was conducted in Batubesi dam of Nuha — East Luwu — South Sulawesi — Indonesia which is located at the coordinates of 2.71428°–2.70585°S and 121.3013°–121.3117°E. This research is expected to obtain spatial distribution of the dominant frequency (f0), the dominant period (T0), the amplification factor (A0), and the seismic vulnerability index (Kg). The Nakamura method was used in order to obtain the dominant frequency (f0) and amplification factor (A0) values. The spectral ratio between the vertical and horizontal components (H/V) of the HVSR analysis was used to estimate the dominant frequency (f0). The seismic vulnerability index (Kg) was obtained from the dominant frequency (f0) and amplification factor (A0) values which were used to estimate the earthquake hazards potential on the location. Based on the data results, the f0min is 0.59 Hz at the point of MSBB25, the f0max is 13.7 Hz at the point of MSBB21, the A0min is 1.35 at the point of MSBB22, the A0max is 11.5 at the point of MSBB10, the T0min is 0.07 s at the point of MSBB21, the T0max is 1.69 s at the point of MSBB25, the Kgmin is 0.28 at the point of MSBB22, and the Kgmax is 33.42 at the point of MSBB10. Based on the dominant period (T0), amplification factor (A0), and seismic vulnerability index (Kg), it can be estimated that the soil classification for Kanai model is in the range of II–IV and in the range of B–C for Omote-Nakajima model.