Sida Nomenclator: species described by H. Monteiro Filho

During our taxonomic study of Cleistes, we noticed that some species names published (under the genus name Pogonia) by the Brazilian botanist João Barbosa Rodrigues needed revision. In our search for type specimens, we found the holotypes of Pogonia aphylla and P. paranaensis in the herbarium of the Museu Nacional do Rio de Janeiro (R), and the holotype of P. monantha at the herbarium of the Swedish Museum of Natural History (S). The remaining type specimens housed at RB herbarium have been lost. Consequently, the designation of lectotypes for those species names is needed. Therefore, the original illustrations are here designated as lectotypes of eleven species names. Furthermore, we also propose 14 synonyms for South American Cleistes.

Two species of Mothocya have previously been recorded from Hyporhamphus sajori: M. parvostis Bruce, 1986 and M. sajori Bruce, 1986. Mothocya parvostis is re-described based on the ovigerous female type and additional materials collected from the host from in and around the type locality. Morphological re-examination of fresh specimens and the type materials together with genetic data show that the M. sajori and M. parvostis are the same species, differing primarily in size, therefore we have placed Mothocya sajori Bruce, 1986 into a junior synonym of Mothocya parvostis Bruce, 1986. Mothocya parvostis is characterized by the following combinations of characters: 1) body slightly to moderately twisted to one side; 2) pereonite 7 posterior margin moderately to deeply recessed; 3) uropodal rami extending to pleotelson posterior margin; and 4) uropod rami bluntly rounded, exopod 1.5 times as long as peduncle. The differences of four morphological features for M. parvostis and M. sajori was quantified. Furthermore, a total of 635 isopods infesting H. sajori were collected from all over Japan to conduct quantitative morphological and molecular sequence analyses (mitochondrial cytochrome c oxidase subunit I and 16S rRNA). Although the four quantitative features did not overlap between the two species in type specimens, all quantitative morphological values of newly collected specimens in this study did not display a bimodal distribution. In addition, our molecular analyses found only a single clade for our newly collected specimens in neighbor-joining tree.

The nereidid worm Alitta succinea (Leuckart, 1847), described from Western Germany, has been considered by some authors as a widespread and alien invasive species, or else as a group of morphologically indistinguishable species. Neither idea has yet been supported by critical taxonomic revisions of relevant material. Most characterizations of A. succinea were based upon a mixture of morphological features from specimens from the type locality and from other regions. Moreover, four species described from America are considered junior synonyms of A. succinea, including Nereis acutifolia Ehlers, 1901, described from the eastern tropical Pacific. The type material of the latter species has not been reviewed since its description. We re-examined type and topotype materials of A. succinea and N. acutifolia including atokous and epitokous specimens. In addition, newly collected specimens were used to evaluate genetic divergence between both species using the mitochondrial gene COI. Alitta succinea is redescribed from type material and specimens from Germany. We rejected the recent placement of the species in Neanthes and we transferred it to Alitta. Further, we refuse the synonymy of N. acutifolia with A. succinea due to morphological and molecular differences. Consequently, we regard Alitta acutifolia n. comb. as a valid species, and the supposed introduction and the alien status of A. succinea along the Mexican and Central American Pacific shores are rejected.

PurposeEngineered stone is a material which can be described as an artificial stone. The exemplary application area is sink production. There are very few research projects about this type of material. In fact, most of them are research conducted by the manufacturing company, which are limited to the basic properties of the material. However, knowledge about fracture mechanic of this material may be crucial in terms of usage. The paper aims to discuss this issue.Design/methodology/approachAnalysis of the inside structure was made using an optical microscope as well as SEM. In the paper, methods which can be used to obtain data about fracture behaviour of material are presented. Using eXtended Finite Element Method and experimental data from three-point bending of notched specimens stress intensity factors (SIFs) for I and II load modes were obtained. Finally, a comparison between the fracture initiation angle in the function of the ration of SIFs for I/II load modes and maximum tangential stress hypothesis prediction was presented.FindingsAnalysis of the inside structure proves that this type of material has an uneven distribution of particle size. This can follow to void and micronotches formation and, later, to the failure of the material. A method of obtaining stress intensity factors for the discussed type of material and specimens can be successfully applied to other similar material, as proposed in this work. Standard crack angle propagation criteria are not sufficient for this type of material.Originality/valueThere are very few research papers about this type of material. The subject of fracture mechanic is not properly discovered, despite the fact that IT is important in terms of the application area of these materials.

Alpheus euphrosyne De Man, 1897 and A. microrhynchus De Man, 1897, two taxonomically challenging snapping shrimps without extant original type material, are rediagnosed based on recently collected and older museum material and adhering closely to their original descriptions. Two male specimens from Java and Kalimantan are designated as neotypes for A. euphrosyne and A. microrhynchus, respectively. Alpheus tirmiziae Kazmi, 1974 is placed in the synonymy of A. euphrosyne. The distributional range of A. euphrosyne extends from the South China Sea through the Sunda Shelf to the northern Arabian Sea. Alpheus eurydactylus De Man, 1920 is removed from the synonymy of A. euphrosyne and redescribed based on De Man's type material from Java and new material from South-East Asia, Indonesia and northern Australia. Alpheus richardsoni Yaldwyn, 1971, previously often regarded as a subspecies of A. euphrosyne, is confirmed as a valid species morphologically and ecologically distinct from A. euphrosyne. In addition, A. richardsoni is geographically separated from A. euphrosyne, being confined to subtropical and temperate waters of Australia and New Zealand. Alpheus microrhynchus appears to be geographically restricted to South-East Asia, with confirmed records from Thailand, peninsular Malaysia and Borneo, where it occurs in transitional freshwater to brackish water habitats. Alpheus cyanoteles Yeo & Ng, 1996 is currently seen as the only true freshwater snapping shrimp. This unique species is morphologically almost identical with A. microrhynchus and is presently known only from a few localities in southern Thailand, peninsular Malaysia and western Borneo (Sarawak). Three species that were previously confused with A. euphrosyne, A. euphrosyne euphrosyne or A. euphrosyne richardsoni, are described as new to science: A. nomurai sp. nov. from Japan, Korea and Taiwan; A. takla sp. nov. from South-East Asia, Philippines, Indonesia, Papua New Guinea and Australia; and A. mangalis sp. nov. from Singapore, Malaysia, Philippines, Indonesia, northern Australia, Taiwan and possibly New Caledonia. Alpheus takla sp. nov. may represent the largest presently known snapping shrimp, with the total body length reaching 90 mm and the length of the major chela reaching 52 mm; this species, locally known as takla, is consumed in some parts of the Philippines. The taxonomic identity of the material from the western and northern Indian Ocean previously reported as A. euphrosyne euphrosyne remains uncertain. Alpheus malabaricus songkla Banner & Banner, 1966 is tentatively elevated to species rank, as Alpheussongkla stat. nov. This taxon remains problematic, mainly because the original type material from Songkhla Lake, Thailand, is composed exclusively of females; its status is discussed based on the reexamination of type specimens and material tentatively identified as A. cf. songkla, which appears to have some affinities with both A. songkla and A. eurydactylus. In addition, taxonomic, biogeographic and/or ecological remarks are provided for five further species, which in the past were compared with A. euphrosyne, A. richardsoni and A. microrhynchus or are morphologically similar to them. These species are: A. paludicola Kemp, 1915 from India; A. nipa Banner & Banner, 1985 from Indonesia; A. bunburius Banner & Banner, 1982 from western Australia; A. pontederiae de Rochebrune, 1883 from both sides of the Atlantic Ocean; and A. firmus Kim & Abele, 1988 from the tropical eastern Pacific. The heterogeneity of the Panamanian and Mexican material currently assigned to A. firmus is discussed in more detail.

The Florida State Collection of Arthropods (FSCA) ranks in the top 10 largest Coleoptera collections in the United States of America with in excess of 1.5 million pinned beetles and significant amounts of materials in bulk collections and other unprocessed samples. The suborder Adephaga currently comprises approximately 34,000 species in 10 extant families and the suborder Myxophaga contains approximately 94 species in four extant families. The FSCA owns type material in the adephagan families Carabidae, Dytiscidae, Gyrinidae, Haliplidae, and Noteridae. The myxophagan holdings in the FSCA include type material from the families Hydroscaphidae and Lepiceridae. There were no holdings of type material in the suborder Archostemata at FSCA. This catalogue documents the FSCA type material for 253 species in 80 genera across the two suborders. A total of 3,528 type specimens are reported, including 60 holotypes, 36 allotypes, 3,426 paratypes, and six syntypes.

Chapter 13 - Zoophycos and the Role of Type Specimens in Ichnotaxonomy

The present research reassesses the taxonomic position of species of Leptosphaeria described from plants in the family Rosaceae. In doing so, this wori< emphasizes a concept of Leptosphaeria based on its type species. Because discrete groups of morphologically similar species were found on related hosts (Nixlulosphaeria on Compositae, Phaeosphaeria on Gramineae and Entodesmiitm on Leguminosae), a goal of the study was to determine whether a distinct group of related species could be found on Rosaceous hosts. Also, approaching the taxonomy of this large, complex genus on the basis of host family is a convenient way of dividing the large numbers of Leptosphaeria species into smaller, workable groups.
 Fifty-five species described from Rosaceous hosts have been included in Leptosphaeria (see appendix). Efforts were made to locate and obtain type material for all of the described species. The names of herbaria providing material are abbreviated in this dissertation according to Index Herbariorum (Holmgren et al. 1990). Whenpossible, type specimens were studied, supplemented by other collections, and the species were redescribed and illustrated from the type material. Unfortunately, type material could not be located for all of the species; in such cases, descriptions were based on other material only when the resulting concept of the species was obviously in accordance with the original description. From this work, it became apparent that no discrete group of related species is specialized on the Rosaceae. Thespecies studied were determined to represent a mixture of Loculoascomycetes and Hymenoascomycetes, and non-Leptosphaeria species were reassigned to more appropriate genera.

We revise the type specimens of 132 nominal species of worldwide Triphoridae stored in the Natural History Museum of the United Kingdom (NHMUK), London. We provide the species name in its original combination, followed by bibliographic details of the original description, the location of the known type material, the original description (and its translation when in Latin), a diagnosis and curatorial or nomenclatural notes. We illustrated most specimens in the type series in colour and with SEM imaging and we have added the original figure whenever possible. The specimens ofTriphorisalveolatus,T.granulatus,T.suturalisandT.verrucosus, all A. Adams & Reeve, 1850,T.pfeifferiCrosse & Fischer, 1865 andT.cucullatusde Folin, 1867, previously considered type material, are not considered here belonging to the type series. Adams & Reeve’s taxa should be considerednomina dubia. The nameTriphorainsularumis a manuscript name by H.E.J. Biggs who deposited “types” in the NHMUK but refrained from introducing the name due to the lack of apex of the studied material. We selected lectotypes for six species (T.concorsHinds, 1843,T.maxillarisHinds, 1843,T.fuscomaculataE.A. Smith, 1904,T.shepstonensisE.A. Smith, 1906,T.eupunctataG.B. Sowerby III, 1907, andT.rufulaWatson, 1886) to stabilize the nomenclature. Finally, we illustrate original specimens (although not types) of three species described by Turton, whose type material is lost.

The diversity of Hawaiian land snails was once extraordinary, both in terms of the number of species and the unparalleled levels of endemism. Habitat loss and the establishment of non-native species that prey on native snails have resulted in catastrophic declines in Hawaii's native land snails in the last century, and many are now critically endangered or extinct. Despite these losses, some species persist, and recent surveys have identified remnant populations of several species previously thought extinct. To effectively manage these remaining taxa and to understand what has been lost, the systematics of the land snail fauna of Hawaii needs revision; this will facilitate accurate identification of threatened species, discovery of undescribed species, and a fuller understanding of native land snail evolution and conservation. The development of type catalogs for all major museum collections holding type material of Hawaiian land snails is a necessary first step in this revisionary process. Here we describe the type material at the Paleontological Research Institute (PRI) in Ithaca, New York. Most of the type collection of Hawaiian land snails at PRI was acquired from Wesley Newcomb through the Cornell Museum. Newcomb described 126 species and varieties of endemic Hawaiian land snails, of which the PRI Hawaiian land snail collection contains type material for 74 nominal species-group taxa belonging to the Achatinellidae and Amastridae. Eighteen of these are recognized as primary type material (i.e., syntypes or lectotypes, there are no holotypes or neotypes).

Vogt, R. & Schuhwerk, F.: Type material in the Hieracium collection of Hans Schack — 2. Names published by others than Schack. — Willdenowia 31: 153–170. 2001. — ISSN 0511-9618. Hans Schack (1878–1946) distributed his rich Hieracium collection between the Botanical Museum Berlin-Dahlem (B) and the Bavarian Botanical Society in Munich. The latter part is now incorporated in the Botanische Staatssammlung Munchen (M). A list of Hieracium names published by various authors on the basis of plant material collected by Schack or deposited in Schack's herbarium is presented here, including information on the type localities given in the protologues. The type material available is listed with full label data and other particulars found on the specimens. The status of the type specimens is discussed, 54 names are lectotypified and three names are transferred to synonymy, viz. Hieracium murorum subsp. heterocladophorum (= H. murorum subsp. oblongum), H. piloselloides subsp. judicarinum (= H. piloselloides s...

Experimental study on crack propagation characteristics of unconventional reservoir rocks

A three-body model composed of two geological bodies and a structural body was developed to explore how ground-support systems respond to axial loads in underground spaces. A detailed method was designed to fabricate physical scale-model specimens for testing. Three types of specimens were constructed to investigate how three different materials reacted to each other under load. The three types of specimens were called the weak-rock model, hard-rock model and mixed model. The results of uniaxial compression tests show that the mechanical behaviour of a three-body structural support is closely related to the interaction between the three bodies, but owing to different mechanisms, the three types of material behave very differently. To explain the test results, numerical simulations were conducted to explore fully the load responses of the three-body model specimens. The numerical simulations verify the hypotheses proposed for how the three types of material interact.

Article 8.2 of the Code (Turland & al. in Regnum Veg. 159. 2018) mentions that “For the purpose of typification a specimen is a gathering, or part of a gathering” and “A specimen is usually mounted on a single herbarium sheet or in an equivalent preparation, such as a box, packet, jar, or microscope slide.” For bryophytes, the holotype (and any duplicate, i.e. an isotype) usually consists of many individual plants and is usually kept in a paper packet. Our proposed Recommendation is related to the preservation of bryophyte type specimens and problems faced by researchers while studying such specimens. The dissected parts are very important because authors describe bryophyte taxa based on observations of these parts, which are usually not preserved along with the type specimens. Our recommendation can be justified by the following points: 1. Due to their small size, bryophytes require microscopic examination to ascertain their identity. Hence, to study the type material, dissecting them becomes necessary, which means loss of type material. In many cases, type specimens usually remain scanty (e.g. for Drepanolejeunea pulla (Mitt.) Grolle only a single specimen placed between two mica sheets serves as the lectotype housed in BM, pers. obs.) and studying such a type specimen is nearly impossible for later researchers. Preserving the dissected parts of the type material on glass slides or any equivalent material used in mounting eliminates the need for further dissection and hence prevents loss of type material. Such a slide should be kept with and thus remain part of the type specimen. 2. The dissected bryophyte parts may belong to different plants from the holotype specimen, which covers the range of morphological variation observed by the author(s) while describing the taxon for the first time. Later study of such variation as observed by the author(s) becomes nearly impossible if they are not preserved on glass slides. 3. Dissected parts of bryophytes are often too small to be mounted on any herbarium sheet or placed in packets, and preserving them permanently on glass slides or an equivalent material used in mounting is convenient. In addition to the points discussed above, the importance of parts originally used in establishing the diagnosis is already recommended by the Code for fossil-taxa (Rec. 8A.3): “If the type specimen of a name of a fossil-taxon is cut into pieces (sections of fossil wood, pieces of coalball plants, etc.), all parts originally used in establishing the diagnosis should be clearly marked.” We therefore would like to propose a new Recommendation for preserving dissected parts of holotype specimens of names of bryophytes. “8A.n. For bryophytes (Marchantiophyta, Bryophyta, and Anthocerotophyta), dissected parts of the holotype specimen such as leaves, anatomical sections, and fertile parts including sex organs should be preserved permanently on labelled glass microscope slides and kept together with the holotype.” We thank the Principal, Banwarilal Bhalotia College and the Principal, Parimal Mitra Smriti Mahavidyalaya for encouragement. We also thank Dr. Subir Bandyopadhyay for advice.

White (2) published a paper on the Tylostomaceae of North America which included a discussion of the genera Tylostoma (Tulostoma sensu Persoon) and Chlamydopus. White described several new species, including T. gracile which had the following characters: whitish endoperidium; entire collar restricted around the top of the stipe, stipe fibrillose-stuffed, becoming hollow, base slightly enlarged; smooth spores 3-5 ,um in diam; dark-ferruginous capillitium. The type material was collected at Las Cruces, New Mexico. White's plate 32, FIGS. 1-3 illustrates a typical Tulostoma specimen with a collar membrane clasping the stipe, a slightly swollen base, and smooth spores. In the same publication White (2) discusses the genus Chlamydopus and described specimens of C. clavatus Speg. as having a fawn-colored peridium; densely verrucose, dark-ferruginous spores 4-6 jum in diameter, and hyaline capillitium characterized as not as distinct as those of Tylostoma . Additionally, in a key to the two genera White uses the presence or absence of a collar to distinguish between Tulostoma and Chlamydopus. Her figure (pl. 35, FIG. 6) of a longitudinal section through the stipe of Chlamydopus shows its continuity with the peridium and emphasizes the lack of a collar. White states the genus Chlamydopus was later too summarily assigned as a synonym of Tylostoma for the differences are so marked that it would be unfortunate to include these two diverse types under one genus. Apparently White did not label her type material so that Long (1) was faced with the problem of selecting type specimens from among her collections. Based on the specimen he selected as type, Long amended the description of T. gracile as follows: base of stipe slightly swollen, endoperidium cinnamon-colored, collar lacking, spores 5.6-7.5 Am in diam, and distinctly echinulate, gleba ferruginous, capillitium hyaline, and he identified the specimen as C. meyenianus (Klotzsch) Lloyd. During my studies of Tulostoma I reexamined the lectotypes designated by Long. The lectotype of T. gracile is C. meyenianus as indicated by Long. Long's description of the lectotype, however, does not match White's illustration of the missing holotype: the collar and 1009