Sida conduplicata (Malvaceae), a New Species from Java, Indonesia

Lestari DA, Azrianingsih R, Hendrian H. 2017. Taxonomical position of Annonaceae species from East Java, Indonesia: collections of Purwodadi Botanic Garden based on morphological character. Biodiversitas 18: 1067-1076. Morphological characters are one of the most consistent of taxonomical markers are used in Annonaceae today. One of the plants collections from Annonaceae species which came from East Java and conserved in Purwodadi Botanic Garden-Indonesian Institute of Sciences, Purwodadi, and East Java has some problems in morphological characters. It has some problems that causing the taxonomical position of these species are not clear, i.e. presence of unidentified plant until level species. The aim of this study is to classify and identify of species that have not been identified in order to taxonomical position be clearly. Material samples are used Annonaceae collection from East Java and Magnoliaceae as out-group. Samples of these plants were observed qualitatively and quantitatively through morphological characters were analyzed using cluster analysis and then synapomorphy, autapomorphy and apomorphy character analysis to identify and to determine the taxonomical position. The results showed that there are 4 tribes and two sub-families in the dendrogram. Tribe includes Miliuseae, Xylopiae, Annoneae and Uvariae, as well as sub-family of Malmeoideae and Annonoideae. Sub-family distinguished by inner petal and habit, sub-family of Malmeoideae has connate inner petals and trees habit, sub-family of Annonoideae has free inner petal and woody climber habit, some of the trees. Species are unidentified suspected as a different species based on the proximity of group formed. There are five plant species that have not been identified to the species level. These species can be recommended the taxonomical position and proposed of species name through dendrogram with the name of the specimen. Specimen 1 is predicted to have close relations with Annona muricata, specimen 2 is predicted to have close relations with Miliusa macropoda, specimen 3 is predicted to have close relations with Artabotrys uncinatus and identified as Uvaria micrantha, specimen 4 is predicted to have close relations with Fissistigma latifolium and specimen 5 is predicted to have close relations with Saccopetalum horsfieldii, because these species are in one group.

Species are fundamental units in studies of systematics, biodiversity and ecology, but their delimitation has been relatively neglected methodologically. Species are typically circumscribed based on the presence of fixed (intraspecifically invariant or non-overlapping) diagnostic morphological characters which distinguish them from other species. In this paper, we argue that determining whether diagnostic characters are truly fixed with certainty is generally impossible with finite sample sizes and we show that sample sizes of hundreds or thousands of individuals may be necessary to have a reasonable probability of detecting polymorphisms in diagnostic characters at frequencies approaching zero. Instead, we suggest that using a non-zero frequency cut-off may be a more realistic and practical criterion for character-based species delimitation (for example, allowing polymorphisms in the diagnostic characters at frequencies of 5% or less). Given this argument, we then present a simple statistical method to evaluate whether at least one of a set of apparently diagnostic characters is below the frequency cut-off. This method allows testing of the strength of the evidence for species distinctness and is readily applicable to empirical studies.

There are some species whose name “Java” since was first found this island, one of them namely “branjangan” or Mirafra javanica which was found by Thomas Horsfield in 1821 when collecting this species for the very first place. The objectives of this study are to describe the morphological variation of the size of the body, the shape of the body, the complexion of the feather, diagnostic character and making the identification key for M. javanica traded and cared of by collectors in Java. The research took place from October to November 2014 in West Java, Central Java, Yogyakarta and East Java. Data collection was done by the direct method using calipers to measure the size of the part of the body (quantitative) and direct looking to identify the shape and the color of each tip of the feather (qualitative). The results of this research are M. javanica is categorized into four related to the size of the body: small (≥ 11 cm), medium (≥ 12 cm), big (≥ 13 cm) and jumbo (≥ 14 cm). The shapes of feather part are categorized into trimmed and rounded, random and rounded, taper and rounded and random and rounded. The colors of the part of the feather are categorized into red brick, brown, yellowish, white and black. A diagnostic character of M. javanica was seen from the total length of the body, the shape of feather on the back, the color of the feather on the back and the color of the feather on the stomach. Key identification was made by using all of the diagnostic characters in the form of table card and parallel key.

Third instar larvae of members of the Ceratitis FAR complex, including Ceratitis fasciventris (Bezzi), Ceratitis anonae Graham, and Ceratitis rosa Karsch are described and compared with those of Ceratitis capitata (Wiedemann). Diagnostic characters, such as presence vs. absence of a secondary tooth on the mandibles, previously used to separate Ceratitis capitata from Ceratitis rosa, are shown to vary in each species. Significant variation in diagnostic morphological characters among populations of Ceratitis rosa from east and south Africa is documented; however, the differences are not simply congruent with the R1 and R2 designations based on other studies. Quantitative measures of numerous morphological characters are consistently smaller in the larvae of Ceratitis fasciventris and distinguish them from other species of the FAR complex. Larvae of Ceratitis capitata can be distinguished from those of the FAR complex by characters such as absence of accessory plates of the oral ridges, the shape of the anterior spiracle, and the pattern of dorsal spinules. Previous studies indicated that absence of accessory lobes separate the genus Ceratitis from Bactrocera, but this is shown to be incorrect, as accessory lobes are in fact present in several species of Ceratitis.

Abstract. Ullah LR, Purnama PR, Wisanti. 2025. Morphological characterization and clustering analysis of three local jackfruit cultivars (Artocarpus heterophyllus) in Lamongan District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 26: 1920-1928. Lamongan District is among jackfruit (Artocarpus heterophyllus) producers in East Java, Indonesia, where three local cultivars including `Nangka Bubur`, `Nangka Kandel`, and `Nangka Salak` have been identified. This study aimed to characterize and cluster the morphology of these 3 cultivars from Lamongan. Six trees per cultivar were assessed for 41 morphological characters (32 qualitative and 9 quantitative). Data were analyzed using Principal Component Analysis (PCA), k-means clustering, hierarchical clustering, correlation, and heatmap plots. Clustering methods successfully separated the tree cultivars. From the 41 characters, 4 uniform and least variance characters were excluded. Correlation analysis identified positively correlated characters such as spine density, fruit shape, spine diameter, falke texture, flake shape, and spine color. Based on variable importance plot, biplot PCA, and heatmap analysis, 11 diagnostic characters were identified: mesocarp thickness, spine length, pulp color at ripe stage, fruit shape, shape of spine, seed coat color, seed shape, flake texture, spine density, flake shape, and stalk attachment to fruit. The stated discoveries would provide helpful insight into the process of agricultural improvement, particularly concerning jackfruit.

Abstract. Amzeri A, Badami K, Pawana G, Alfiyan Syah M, Daryono BS. 2021. Phenotypic and genetic diversity of watermelon (Citrullus lanatus) in East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 22: 5223-5230. The assembly of hybrid watermelon (Citrullus lanatus Thumb.) varieties with superior characters is an effort to meet the needs of watermelon seeds in Indonesia and reduce dependence on imports of watermelon seeds. The morphological characterization of exploratory watermelon plants is needed to support the assembly of superior varieties because morphological characterization will reveal the characteristics of each watermelon tested. In addition, the genetic and phenotypic diversity coefficients, heritability, and correlation between characters are needed to support the assembling of the desired variety. This research aimed to determine morphological diversity, genetic and phenotypic diversity coefficients, heritability, and correlation among characters of watermelon from East Java, Indonesia. The research used a randomized complete block design with ten genotypes as treatment and three replications,. The observed morphological characters were quantitative and qualitative characters. The number of characters was 60 characters. Eight quantitative characters, i.e., flowering date, harvesting date, fruit length, fruit diameter, skin thickness, fruit total soluble solids, number of seeds, and fruit weight were used to calculate the genetic and phenotypic diversity coefficient, heritability, and correlation between characters. Quantitative character data were subjected to analysis of variance, followed with a Duncan Multiple Range Test (p<0.05). The results showed that (i) Grouping based on morphological characters produces dendrograms with similarity coefficients ranging from 0.58 to 0.86 or there was a morphological diversity of 0.14 to 0.42, (ii) The phenotypic diversity coefficient (PDC) was greater than the genotypic diversity coefficient (PDC) in all observed quantitative characters, (iii) The broad sense Heritability values ?? of the tested watermelon genotypes ranged from 0.33 to 0.99, (iv) Fruit weight was significantly and positively correlated with fruit diameter, skin thickness, and number of seeds, (v) G1, G2, and G6 were the genotypes that can be used as parents to assemble superior watermelon varieties.

Suranto, Syahidah AT, Mahadjoeno E. 2018. Variation of morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of local cultivar mentik rice based on the altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. Biodiversitas 19: 652-659. The purposes of this research were to examine the variation in morphology, anatomy and nutrition contents of rice plants grown at three different altitudes at Ngawi District, East Java, Indonesia. The plant samples were collected from three different altitudes (200, 500 and 900 m asl. respectively). The morphological characters of leaf, root and stem were used in this examination, while Paraffin method was employed to look at the anatomical appearances. To look at the content of lipids and proteins, Soxhlet and Kjeldahl methods were used, while the Iodocolorymetre method was chosen to test the amylose content. Randomized Complete Block Design (RCBD) with one factor, namely altitude was used in this research. Morphological and anatomical characters and nutrition contents of rice plant were analyzed using one way of ANOVA. The results showed that the length and diameter of roots, plant height and also stem diameter were declining due to a higher altitude. On the other hand, the length of leaf, the number of roots, the total number of stomata and also the ratio of length per diameter of stomata increased, and so did the number of aerenchyma space roots and stems. In general, there was a tendency of decreasing amylose and protein contents due to higher altitudes.

Helicoverpa armigera Hubner (Lepidoptera: Noctuidae) is one of the most important pests on cotton. Yield losses due to this pest can reach up to 70%. Pest control using the NPV has been proven to be effective in the field. However NPV isolates from different geographical locations could be showed variation in genetic and their biology. The purpose of this study was to compare morphology, biology, and molecular characteristics between three HearNPV isolates from cotton field in South Sulawesi, Central Java, and East Java. Scanning electron microscope (SEM) was used to look at morphological characters, whereas biological characters were observed by dipping shelled of young corn cob on each isolate suspension with a density of 2.5 x 103, 2.5 x 104, 2.5 x 105, 2.5 x 106, 2.5 x 107 POBs /ml and control then fed to the first instar larvae of H. armigera. Probit analysis was used to determine LC and LT. The molecular assay used polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with lef-8 gene. The results showed that the three isolates had the shape and size of polyhedra which was not significantly different with the mean diameter were 0.86 μm. The result showed that in 7 days post infection, HearNPV isolate from East Java was the most virulent isolates with the lowest LC50, which is 6.38 POBs/ml, but lowest LT50 value in 2.5 x 107 POBs/ml were showed both from East Java and South Sulawesi, which are 2.7 days post infection. Meanwhile, the DNA sequencing of the three isolates showed a high similarity (100% homology).

Etiella hobsoni (BUTLER), a new podborer of soybean was found in Indonesia. General appearance of the insect and larval-caused damage to pods are quite similar to those of E. zinckenella (TREITSHKE). Diagnostic characters in morphology of E. hobsoni and E. zinckenella are given for each developmental stage. Both species are widely distributed throughout Indonesia. E. zinckenella is common everywhere, while E. hobsoni is abundant in West and Central Java but rather rare in other districts (East Java, Sumatra and Sulawesi).

Clematis terniflora var. mandshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi, a traditional Chinese medicinal plant, is widely distributed in northeast China, such as Heilongjiang, Jilin and Liaoning provinces. In August 2019, C. terniflora var. mandshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi leaf blight was found in Harbin (45.72°N, 126.68°E), Heilongjiang, China. The incidence was up to 90% on the 0.4 ha plantation, and almost every plant leaf was withered. Initial symptoms were chlorosis at the leaf apex or margin, and the leaf apex gradually formed brown lesions. As the infection progressed, the lesions expanded and leaves withered. Ten symptomatic leaves were randomly collected from ten plants in Clematis plantation. The leaves (5mm×5mm) between symptomatic and healthy tissue were cut and disinfected with 75% ethanol for 1 min and 1% NaClO for 2 min, rinsed three times in distilled water, plated on potato dextrose agar (PDA: the diameter of Petri dish is 90 mm) and incubated for 7 days at 25℃, further purified by single-spore isolation method. The morphology of all the ten isolates was similar. The colonies were round or sub round, 60-68 mm diameter in size, velvety, brownish green with distinct concentric rings. Conidiophores were solitary or clustered, suberect, brown, 30.3-82.4×2.5-5 μm (n=150) in size, and with septum. Conidia were solitary or in chains, smooth surface, obclavate, ellipsoid, brown, 12.5-46.25×10-16.25 μm (n=150) in size, with 2-7 transverse septa, 0-3 longitudinal septa. Conidia were produced continuously and extended in a synaxial manner. Based on the morphological characteristics, the isolates were identified as Alternaria alternata The morphological characters matched those of Alternaria alternata (Simmons 2007). Two representative strains TXL0816 and TXL0916 were used for molecular identification. The internal transcribed spacer (ITS) region, glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase (GAPDH), translation elongation factor 1-alpha (tef1), RNA polymerase second largest subunit (RPB2), and Alternaria major allergen (Alt a 1) were amplified with the primers ITS1/ITS4 (Iturrieta-González et al. 2020), RPB2-5F2/RPB2-7CR (Khodaei and Arzanlou 2013), Alt-for/Alt-rev (Hong et al. 2005), gpd1/gpd2 and EF1-728F/EF1-986R (Nishikawa and Nakashima 2020). The obtained sequences were deposited in the GenBank (ITS: MW403865 and MT508666, GAPDH: MZ298638 and MZ298639, tef1: MZ298640 and MZ298641, RPB2: MW432545 and MT510746, Alt a 1: MW432544 and MT501719). The phylogenetic tree of combined sequences showed that isolates TXL0816, TXL0916 and A. alternata CBS916.96 were clustered together with 100% bootstrap values. clustered into one branch supported with 100% bootstrap values. To verify pathogenicity, twenty leaves of eight plants were sprayed with spore suspensions (1×106 spores /mL) of the 7 days-old isolates TXL0816 and TXL0916 (four plants were used as replicates for each isolate)each isolate infected four plants). As a control, four plants were sprayed with sterile distilled water. The plants were incubated at 25℃ in a greenhouse. Twenty days after inoculation, brown lesions appeared on the leaf apex. The pathogenicity test was repeated three times. The same fungi were re-isolated from the inoculated leaves, The fungi were re-isolated from inoculated leaves with the same morphological and molecular traits as A. alternata, fulfilling Koch's postulates. No fungi were isolated from the control group. To our knowledge, this is the first report of A. alternata causing leaf blight on C. terniflora var. mandshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi. This study provides a basis for the pathogenesis of the leaf blight on C. terniflora var. mandshurica (Rupr.) Ohwi, and helps to formulate control measures to reduce future economic losses.

“Dok Hin” is the Thai local name for Selaginella species that form rosettes. They commonly distributes in Siberia, Manchuria, southern China, Japan, the Philippines and Thailand. Morphology of Dok Hin is very resemble leading to misidentification. So, exactly number of species of Dok Hin in Thailand and their differences in morphological characteristics is not well understood. Thus, revision of morphological characters and phylogenetic confirmation of the taxonomic identification are needed. This study aims to examine morphological charateristics and phylogenetic patterns in eight populations of the Dok Hin in Northern Thailand. Morphology of Dok Hin from each populations was quantitatively examined using 15 vegetative and 6 reproductive characters meanwhile phylogenetic analyses was explored by DNA barcode ITS2. The results of the phylogenetic analysis revealed the existence of two species of Dok Hin, S. tamariscina and S. pulvinata. Selaginella tamariscina can be distinguished from S. pulvinata by its presence of a pseudotrunk above ground and ridges of dorsal leaves. On the other hand, the results of phylogenetic analysis indicated the differences among populations of S. pulvinata as well. Chiang Mai populations of S. pulvinata was characterized by peculiar set of characters long leaves and leaf apices look like caudate, while the rest of their populations have shorter leaves and leaf apices look like aristate. It indicates that S. pulvinata has genetic and phenotypic divergence among populations. However, additional studies of Dok Hin populations in other parts of Thailand and studies on different genetic markers are necessary to confirm the taxonomic status of S. pulvinata. Keywords: Dok Hin, Morphometric, Phylogeny, Pseudotrunk, Resurrection plant

Abstract. Sulistyawati, Roeswitawati D, Ibrahim JT, Maftuchah. 2019. Genetic diversity of local sorghum (Sorghum bicolor) genotypes of East Java, Indonesia for agro-morphological and physiological traits. Biodiversitas 20: 2503-2510. Sorghum (Sorghum bicolor (L.) Moench) has great potential to be cultivated because it has extensive adaptability, tolerant to drought and puddles, can produce on marginal land and relatively resistant to pests and diseases. To meet the food requirement, sorghum can be grown in Indonesia as an alternative food source other than rice. This study aims to obtain information on the agro-morphological and physiological characters of nine local sorghum genotypes in East Java, Indonesia so that they can be used as parents in improving the nature of varieties. The experiment was conducted in a Randomized Block Design, using nine local sorghum genotypes from East Java in three replications. The nine local sorghum genotypes are Sb.Pas, Sb.Lmg 1, Sb.Lmg 2, Sb.Tbn, Sb.Spg 1, Sb.Spg 2, Sb.Tag 1, Sb.Tag 2 and Sb.Jbg. The result showed that nine genotypes that are characterized have a variety of morphological (quantitative and qualitative), agronomic and physiological characters. According to the whole characters observed, there are five genotypes that are recommended for breeding programs, namely Sb.Lmg 1, Sb.Tbn, Sb.Spg 2, Sb.Tag1 and sb.Tag2. This can be proved by the morphological character, genotype Sb.Lmg 1, Sb.Tbn, Sb.Spg 2, Sb.Tag 1 and Sb.Tag2 have a high value of Agronomy character, genotype Sb.Tbn, Sb.Tag 1 and Sb.Tag 2 noted highest production acres-1 harvest age of genjah and medium; the Physiology character, high protein and carbohydrate substances reached by the Sb.Lmg 1 genotype, Sb.Tbn and Sb.Spg 2.

Some regions in Indonesia, especially East Java, have abundant local varieties of rice. However, these germplasms have not been optimally developed in plant breeding. Characterization ranked as the first step in plant breeding to identify morphological and agronomic characteristics of the germplasms. This study aims to characterize several local rice varieties in East Java, including ‘Ketan Genjah’ (V1), ‘PIM’ (V2), ‘Pendok’ (V3), ‘Padi Hitam’ (V4), and ‘Padi Merah’ (V5) to point out each strength in several parameters to be used as a potential gene source for plant breeding. The results of this study indicated that the varieties studied have several distinct morphological and agronomic characters with each other. In terms of plant height, leaf length, pithy grain percentage, grain loss percentage, and the weight of 1000 grain, ‘Pendok’ showed superiorities compared to other varieties. In addition, ‘Pendok’ also had the highest yield per clump together with ‘Ketan Genjah’ at 151.32 g and 150.82 g, respectively. ‘PIM’ had the longest panicle length, whereas in terms of number of tillers, ‘Ketan Genjah’, ‘Padi Hitam’, and ‘Padi Merah’ were the highest among the varieties studied.

The general morphological characters of Lysimchia sect. Spicatae were reviewed. From the results, numerical analyses were conducted based on 34 morphological characters from 14 populations of three species in Korea in order to investigate the key characters among the treated taxa and taxonomic delimitation and to discuss the systematic relationship. Habitat, leaf apices, presence or absent of hair on leaves, stipules, stems and bracts, branch of stems, kind of hair on floral axis and pedicels, shape of florescens were important diagnostic characters to identify the species. The relationship between Lysimachia clethoides and L. ba교stachys was more close than that of L. fortunei based on the quantitative characters. Also, a new key was made up from the result.

Cephalaria saldaensis, collected from Eşeler Mountain around Salda Lake (Yeşilova-Burdur), one of Turkey’s important tourism regions, is described from South-West Anatolia as a new species. Diagnostic morphological and molecular characters from closely similar taxa are discussed. The geographical distribution of the new species and other related species is mapped. Taxonomic comments such as descriptive and diagnostic characters, distribution and ecology, conservation status for this new species are given in the current study. In this study, morphological characterization of three different Cephalaria spp. was also supported via molecular characterization based on PCR technology. Twenty-two ISSR primers were tested using a total of fifteen individuals belonging to three different Cephalaria spp. Five of these primers gave the most productive band profile. A total of 53 bands ranging from 250bp to 2000bp were obtained from the PCR products on agarose gel image, and the polymorphism calculated on the basis of the band profiles was 77.4%. The band profiles were also analyzed using the PopGen32 Software program. The constructed phylogenetic tree grouped the Cephalaria spp. individuals belonging to these three species into two main clusters and the phylogenetic analysis indicated that C. saldaensis was clearly different from the C. scoparia and C. dirmilensis.