Abstract
Biochar (BC) addition to soil is a proposed strategy to enhance soil fertility and crop productivity. However, there is limited knowledge regarding responses of soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities to BC and nitrogen (N) additions in a calcareous soil. A 56-day incubation experiment was conducted to investigate the combined effects of BC addition rates (0, 0.5, 1.0, 2.5 and 5.0% by mass) and urea (U) application on soil nutrients, soil respiration and C-cycle enzyme activities in a calcareous soil in the North China Plain. Our results showed soil pH values in both U-only and U plus BC treatments significantly decreased within the first 14 days and then stabilized, and CO2emission rate in all U plus BC soils decreased exponentially, while there was no significant difference in the contents of soil total organic carbon (TOC), dissolved organic carbon (DOC), total nitrogen (TN), and C/N ratio in each treatment over time. At each incubation time, soil pH, electrical conductivity (EC), TOC, TN, C/N ratio, DOC and cumulative CO2 emission significantly increased with increasing BC addition rate, while soil potential activities of the four hydrolytic enzymes increased first and then decreased with increasing BC addition rate, with the largest values in the U + 1.0%BC treatment. However, phenol oxidase activity in all U plus BC soils showed a decreasing trend with the increase of BC addition rate. Our results suggest that U plus BC application at a rate of 1% promotes increases in hydrolytic enzymes, does not highly increase C/N and C mineralization, and can improve in soil fertility.
Highlights
Biochar (BC) is produced by the pyrolysis of biomass under high-temperature and oxygen-limited conditions [1]
Our results indicated that pH values in all U plus BC soils increased with the increase of BC addition rate because of many mineral elements (Ca, Mg, Si, K, etc.) contained in BC produced at 450°C (Fig 3)
Our results showed that electrical conductivity (EC) values in all U plus BC soils significantly increased with increasing BC addition rate(Fig 4B)
Summary
Biochar (BC) is produced by the pyrolysis of biomass under high-temperature and oxygen-limited conditions [1]. It is a recalcitrant C-rich organic material, with a large surface area and highly aromatic structure [2]. Responses of Soil Respiration and C-Cycle Enzyme Activities to Additions of Biochar and Urea or a negative effect of BC on soil fertility parameters and C storage potential [5,6]. Mineral fertilization as an intensive management practice in the agricultural ecosystem could affect soil C and N transformation processes [7]. It is important to understand the variable effects of combined application of BC and mineral fertilization on soil properties
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