Abstract
Tramadol is a synthetic analogue of codeine. Its mood elevation property and sex enhancement potentials are the main reason for its abuse. The aim of the study was to determine the short-term effect of tramadol administration on Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH), Luteinizing Hormone (LH) and Testosterone (TEST) levels in Male Sahel Goats. This was an experimental study conducted from 1st October 2017 to 12th November 2017 at the Livestock Teaching and Research Farm, University of Maiduguri, Maiduguri, Borno State Nigeria involving 20 Male Sahel Goats. The goats were divided in to 4 groups of 5 each; group 1 served as control and groups 2, 3 and 4 were injected intramuscularly with 4 mg/kg (low dose), 8 mg/kg (medium dose) and 12 mg/kg (high dose) of Tramadol respectively. The injections were given intramuscularly, 3 times a week for 4 weeks. Blood samples were collected to determine the serum levels of FSH, LH and TEST at 0, 1 week, 2 weeks, 3 weeks and 4 weeks of tramadol injections. The Mean±SD of the hormones were computed using SPSS 20. The difference in mean was compared using t test and ANOVA with p < 0.05 set for statistical significance. The baseline levels of FSH, LH and TEST in Male Sahel Goat in Maiduguri were 2.91±5.74 Miu/ml, 0.29±0.72 Miu/ml and 3.92±6.39 ng/ml respectively. Only the goats in group 4 showed a significant increase in serum FSH and LH by the 4th week (P=0.01 and 0.03 respectively) while no significant change was noted in the other groups. The was a decline in the level of Testosterone from 1st week through 4th week in all the experimental group but the level in the control group remain fairly constant throughout the experiment. The decline is inversely proportional to the dose of tramadol injection and most marked in group 4.High dose and prolonged used of Tramadol should be avoided because of side effects of Hypergonadotrophic hypogonadism. Â
Highlights
Tramadol (Tramal, TM) is a centrally acting analgesic used for the treatment of moderate to severe pains and its abuse has become a serious problem in many countries, in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia (Abdel-Hamid et al, 2016)
Systematic review by Wu et al in 2012 has confirmed the efficacy of Tramadol as a sex enhancing drug but long-term use of opioids including Tramadol have been associated with decreased secretion of GnRH, which in turn leads to reduced levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH)
The short-term effect of ‘on-demand’ dosing on the gonadotropins and sex hormones has not been clearly defined. Could this sexual enhancement be associated with initial spike of the sex hormones that is followed by gradual fall with continuing use? this research seeks to study whether the on-demand ingestion has any short-term effect on the serum levels of the Follicle Stimulating Hormone, Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone in Male Sahel Goats
Summary
Tramadol (Tramal, TM) is a centrally acting analgesic used for the treatment of moderate to severe pains and its abuse has become a serious problem in many countries, in the Middle East, Africa, and West Asia (Abdel-Hamid et al, 2016). Systematic review by Wu et al in 2012 has confirmed the efficacy of Tramadol as a sex enhancing drug but long-term use of opioids including Tramadol have been associated with decreased secretion of GnRH, which in turn leads to reduced levels of Follicle Stimulating Hormone (FSH) and Luteinizing Hormone (LH) This results in decreased testosterone and oestradiol secretion in rats, rabbits and human studies (Ali et al, 2005; Seyfried & Hester, 2012; Cepeda et al, 2015; ElGaafarawi, 2015; Osadolor & Omo-Erhabor, 2016;). The objective is to determine the short-term effect of on-demand tramadol injection on FSH, LH and Testosterone (TEST) levels in Male Sahel Goats
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