Abstract
A study of the Mio-Pliocene marine palaeoenvironment on South Africa’s west coast revealed aspects of the biology and behaviour of fossil marine mammals. Close examination showed that seals from Langebaanweg suffered from pathologies and bore marks of marine carnivore activity. This study adds to our knowledge of shark feeding behaviour in the geological past and is one of a few studies of sharks feeding on seals in the fossil record. Two incomplete seal humeri with shark tooth marks are the first documented evidence from South Africa’s Mio-Pliocene of such behaviour. These injuries show no healing, which suggests that the animals were most likely scavenged.Significance:
 
 Fossil rich deposits at Langebaanweg contribute to the knowledge of South African Mio-Pliocene fossils by placing them in a global context.
 This study is one of five globally that have documented marine carnivores feeding on seals.
 This is the first description of white sharks feeding on seals from South Africa’s geological past.
 This study shows this behaviour was in place on South Africa’s coast as early as 5 million years ago.
 The injuries show no signs of healing, suggesting the most parsimonious explanation is that white sharks were scavenging seal carcasses.
Highlights
Along South Africa’s south and west coasts today, there are offshore breeding colonies of South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus)
This study is one of five globally that have documented marine carnivores feeding on seals. This is the first description of white sharks feeding on seals from South Africa’s geological past. This study shows this behaviour was in place on South Africa’s coast as early as 5 million years ago
This study is the first description of sharks interacting with seals in South Africa’s geological past
Summary
Along South Africa’s south and west coasts today, there are offshore breeding colonies of South African fur seals (Arctocephalus pusillus pusillus). White shark (Carcharodon carcharias) predation on these colonies is well documented.[1,2,3] It follows that there should be evidence of similar behaviour in the geological past. Diedrich[4] showed that the correlation between the presence of seal fossils and abundance of shark teeth in the Proto North Sea may indicate the earliest specialisation for seal hunting in the fossil record in the northern hemisphere. Purdy et al.[7] described a long unserrated bite mark on the distal humerus of Callophoca obscura (an extinct earless seal) left by Isurus xiphodon (an extinct mako shark), eliciting the question as to whether this shark preferred warm-water seals
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