Shared Commitment and Distinct Innovations in Dementia Policy Development and Implementation in China, Japan, and South Korea.

The East Asian model of economic development focuses on 5 shared characteristics that seem significant in the contemporary economic development of Japan Taiwan and Korea. They are economic characteristics and include 1) high investment ratios 2) small public sectors 3) competitive labor markets 4) export expansion and 5) government intervention in the economy. Large and efficient investments in human capital and well-developed capacities to absorb new technology are 2 other economic features shared by The Three. One could add overcrowding (high man/land ratios) and scarcity of natural resources though these are handicaps rather than sources of economic strength. It is possible however that virtue springs from necessity and that ample arable land or abundant natural resources mainly permit governments to postpone the difficult decisions needed to promote development rather than provide the wherewithal needed to finance development. Other noneconomic characteristics of The Three such as ethnic and linguistic homogeneity relatively compact geography manageable population size and the Confucian tradition have not been considered in the model even though they have undoubtedly influenced labor productivity savings behavior and other aspects of economic performance. Whether the East Asian model ought to be followed depends on whether current and foreseeable circumstances are sufficiently like those faced by The Three to justify using the same policies that they used. Applicability of the East Asian model should also depend on whether the strategy employed by The Three has been responsible for their economic success. 2 aspects of the East Asian models policy features are noteworthy: 1) the policies typically work by influencing rather than replacing private market decisions and 2) the public expects government to intervene to influence economic growth.

This paper aims to explain the relationship between FET policy origination and management practices at college level in Gauteng. Empirical evidence shows that there exists a gap between policy and practice. Literature points out that since 1994, South Africa has passed laws that created favorable conditions for policy development. The success or failure of government FET policies can be judged at college level. According to research, some managers in former technical colleges lack skills and knowledge to successfully implement government transformation initiatives. Lack of management capacity at college level is cited as the reason for the non-implementation of policy. Policy makers derive policy from political, social and economic imperatives and infuse this with theoretical sources that describe how the policy process works and are often less sensitive to the practical conditions in which the policy is to be implemented. Conversely, policy implementers are primarily guided by contextual and systemic considerations as they implement policy. In the thesis upon which this paper is based, it is argued that understanding the processes of policy development and implementation can assist in explaining the relationship between government policy and management practices at college level. The study interrogated policy intentions by analyzing the original meaning of FET policy from the originators’ perspective and juxtaposed this with the understanding of policy implementation from the implementers’ perspective and described the relationship between intended and implemented policy. A qualitative research design using semi-structured interviews to gather data from participants was used. Purposive sampling was used to select participants from policy originators and college managers. During data analysis, six main themes were distilled from the data collected: centralization vis-a vis decentralization; resources; structures; curriculum; governance and strategic planning. Findings revealed how issues of power and authority affect policy development and implementation. The study establishes that policy implementers need capacity, power and authority to plan and make decisions on policy implementation, but decision-makers at higher levels of the system often subjugate these powers. For policy implementation to match policy intentions, policy implementers need capacity and authority to understand, plan and make policy implementation decisions. Key words: Policy origination, management practices, transformation, governance, policy implementation, policy intentions, resources, centralization, decentralization, structures.

The paper is based on the research devoted to the comparison of corporate cultures of the two largest international banks in Russia and South Korea, Sber and Woori. The research has revealed similarities in terms of adherence by both of the banks to the core internationally recognized values – trust of clients, conducting honest business, the atmosphere in the team, combating illegal activities. Both of the banks are focused on creating friendly relationships within their teams and customer-centric approach in relations with their clients. It has also been found out that there is a direct relationship between culture and performance in the areas of shared identity, values and commitment of employees to the corporate objectives in both of the banks. The company's values are the guiding principles that help both of the banks make the right decisions in maximizing the wealth of both customers and shareholders. The differences are mostly related to a clear distinction between the two countries' national cultures. В статье представлены результаты исследования, посвященного сравнению корпоративных культур двух крупнейших международных банков в России и Южной Корее, Сбер и Woori. Исследование выявило сходство с точки зрения приверженности обоих банков основным международно признанным ценностям – доверию клиентов, ведению честного бизнеса, атмосфере в команде, борьбе с незаконной деятельностью. Оба банка сосредоточены на создании дружеских отношений внутри своих команд и клиентоориентированном подходе в отношениях со своими клиентами. Также было установлено, что существует прямая взаимосвязь между культурой и эффективностью в таких областях, как общая идентичность, ценности и приверженность сотрудников корпоративным целям в обоих банках. Ценности компании являются руководящими принципами, которые помогают обоим банкам принимать правильные решения для максимального повышения благосостояния как клиентов, так и акционеров. Различия в основном связаны с особенностями национальных культур двух стран.

Over the past years the European Commission launched two communications on multilingualism: 'A New Framework Strategy for Multilingualism' (2005) and 'Multilingualism: An Asset for Europe and a Shared Commitment' (2008). Their synthetic nature makes both communications suitable to serve as a starting point for a generalising overview of the main points of European language policy as they have been given shape over the past years. Since research has fuelled and will continue to fuel the development of European language policy the overview for the purpose of this contribution is combined with a round-up of current trends in research on multilingualism. The combination of both policy directions and research trends is meant to give way to a generalising reflection on challenges related to European language policy as expressed in the Commission's communications on multilingualism and on the role academia could (or should) play in meeting these challenges.

In South Korea, low fertility rate has become a big social issue, making the term ‘ultra low fertility rate’ common. Currently, South Korea, like many other leading industrialized countries, is coping with the problem of low fertility with a focus on the work-life balance policy. Unfortunately, South Korea’s work-life balance policy has been criticized as not so successful. Especially, it has been pointed out that the policy effects are being compromised because ‘it is not because there is no system, but the existing system does not work properly.’ This means that work-life balance policy in South Korea has a structural and fundamental problem. In this regard, it is necessary to reflect on policy discourses and instruments that determine the goals, directions and content of the policy. The result of the analysis in this paper reveals that South Korea’s work-life balance policy consists of the discourse of ‘raising the fertility rate’ and its policy instruments. It mobilizes citizens for the national goals of social reproduction and sustainable growth. It could be said that this reversal of purpose and means was because the policy makers and executives were buried in developmentalist thinking―in pursuit of materialistic social development. In this respect, in order for South Korea’s work-life balance policy to be on its way, it is urgently required that it should shift its policy paradigm to change practices and cultures. This paper argues that such a paradigm shift should be based on a ‘Social Quality Approach’. Only when we pursue humanistic social development in the planning and implementation of policies and continue to monitor and supplement related systems under this stance, can we achieve a stable and effective work-life balance policy.

BackgroundComprehensive policies are becoming common for addressing wicked problems in health and social care. Success of these policies often varies between target organizations. This variation can often be attributed to contextual factors. However, there is a lack of knowledge about the conditions for successful policy implementation and how context influences this process. The aim of this study was to investigate county-level actors’ perspectives on the implementation of a comprehensive national policy in three Swedish counties. The policy focused on developing quality of care for elderly based on the use of national quality registries (NQRs) and to improve coordination of care.MethodsA comparative case study approach was used. Data was collected longitudinally through documents and interviews. The Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research (CFIR) guided the analysis.ResultsAll three counties shared the view that the policy addressed important issues. Still, there was variation regarding how it was perceived and managed. Adaptable features—i.e., NQRs and improvement coaches—were perceived as relevant and useful. However, the counties differed in their perceptions of another policy component—i.e., senior management program—as an opportunity or a disturbance. This program, while tackling complex issues of collaboration, fell short in recognizing the counties’ pre-existing conditions and needs and also offered few opportunities for adaptations. Performance bonuses and peer pressure were strong incentives for all counties to implement the policy, despite the poor fit of policy content and local context.ConclusionsComprehensive health policies aiming to address wicked problems have better chances of succeeding if the implementation includes assessments of the target organizations’ implementation capacity as well as the implicit quid pro quos involved in policy development. Special attention is warranted regarding the use of financial incentives when dealing with wicked problems since the complexity makes it difficult to align incentives with the goals and to assess potential consequences. Other important aspects in the implementation of such policies are the use of collaborative approaches to engage stakeholders with differing perspectives, and the tailoring of policy communication to facilitate shared understanding and commitment.

ObjectiveThis study ascertains the effects of the pre-entry tuberculosis (TB) screening policy, which was implemented as a strategy for managing TB among immigrants, on the treatment outcomes of immigrants in South Korea.MethodsThis study linked three different datasets from 2013 to 2018, namely (1) Korean National Tuberculosis Surveillance System; (2) National Health Information Database for patients diagnosed with TB with ICD code A15-A19, B90, or U84.3; and (3) Statistics Korea database related to cause of deaths. To identify the effect of the policy, cohorts comprising Korean and immigrant TB patients notified before (January 1, 2013–December 31, 2015) and after (September 1, 2016–December 31, 2018), the implementations of the policy were established. A difference-in-differences (DID) analysis of the treatment success and mortality rates was performed.ResultsData from 100,262 TB patients were included in the analysis (before policy implementation: 1240 immigrants and 65,723 Koreans; after policy implementation: 256 immigrants and 33,043 Koreans). The propensity score matching-DID analysis results showed that the difference in the treatment success rate between immigrants and Koreans decreased significantly, from 16% before to 6% after the policy implementation. The difference in the mortality rate between the two groups decreased from − 3% before to − 1% after the policy implementation; however, this difference was insignificant.ConclusionThe treatment outcomes of immigrant TB patients in South Korea improved after the implementation of the pre-entry active TB screening policy. Future immigrant TB policies should consider establishing active patient support strategies and a healthcare collaboration system between countries.

How Does the Impact of Tobacco Control Policies Change Over Time?: Evidence from South Korea

Does School Accountability Reduce Inequality in Education? Lessons from South Korea

Purpose - This research is based on South Korea’s direct investment and trade status with China from 1992 to recent years, meaningful in establishing future strategies for China, which entered the New Normal era. Design/methodology/approach - This research used various economic statistics released in South Korea and China to identify the current situation and trends, and to present policy implications for South Korea’s direct investment in China and ways to expand trade. Findings - South Korea’s accumulated direct investment in China is continuing with steady investment, with the total accumulated amount of direct investment in China excluding tax havens and Hong Kong leading to its ranking in fourth place after Japan, Singapore and the U.S. in 2018. Meanwhile, the trade volume between South Korea and China at the time of the normalization of diplomatic ties has increased by 42 times to $268.6 billion as of 2018, with China being South Korea’s largest exporter since 2003 and Korea continuing its status as China’s largest importer since 2013. Research implications - The policy implications of this paper are thus: first, it is necessary to enhance efficiency in accordance with China’s push for “supply side reform”. Second, innovative manufacturing industries are urgently needed to establish industrial strategies in accordance with the implementation of new industrial policies, such as “Chinese Manufacturing 2025”, which is currently being promoted with the trend of the times. Third, it is necessary to find new models that conform to the ‘One-Belt and One-Road’ strategy and which expand cooperation using ‘AIIB’.

After the Korean War, South Korean politics was dominated by national security concerns. Reversing Carl von Clausewitz's well-known dictum, in South Korea, “politics is the continuation of war by other means.” Until the late 1980s, politics in South Korea was far from democratic. South Korea had five direct presidential elections (1987, 1992, 1997, 2002, and 2007) and six national assembly elections (1988, 1992, 1996, 2000, 2004, and 2008) after the democratic transition of 1987. In 1992, a civilian candidate, Young Sam Kim, was elected president. Young Sam Kim (1993–1998) prosecuted and punished former generals turned presidents Doo Hwan Chun (1980–1988) and Tae Woo Roh (1988–1993) for corruption, mutiny and treason in 1995. Dae Jung Kim (1998–2003) was elected president in 1997. For the first time in South Korean political history, regime change occurred between a ruling party and an opposition party. In this chapter, the change and continuity of civil–military relations through the fluctuating dynamics of the democratic transition and consolidation in South Korea is examined. A positive consolidation of democratic reform is one that, while securing indisputable civilian supremacy, grants the military enough institutional autonomy for the efficient pursuit of its mission. Civilian supremacy should be institutionalized not only by preventing military intervention in civilian politics but also by ensuring civilian control over the formation and implementation of national defense policy. In sum, despite three terms of civilian presidency, civilian supremacy has not yet fully institutionalized. Although significant changes in civil-military relations did occur after the democratic transition, they were not initiated by elected leaders with the intention of establishing a firm institutional footing for civilian supremacy. South Korea's political leaders have not crafted durable regulations and institutions that will sustain civilian control over the military. More than six decades, Korea is still divided. The most highly militarized zone in the world lies along the demilitarized zone. How to draw the line prudently between seeking national security and promoting democracy shall be the most delicate task facing all the civilian regimes to come in South Korea. That mission will remain challenging not only for civilian politicians but also for military leaders.

South Korea has experienced difficulty in controlling the spread of the novel coronavirus disease (COVID-19) during the early stages of the outbreak. South Korea remains passionately determined to protect Koreans against COVID-19 and through trial and error hopes to improve the strategies used to limit the outbreak. Here, we review how COVID-19 spread and what prevention strategies were implemented during the early stages of the outbreak in South Korea. We investigated online newspapers published in South Korea from 21 January 2020 to 20 March 2020, and reviewed academic medical articles related to COVID-19. Additionally, we acquired data on COVID-19 cases through the official website for COVID-19 in South Korea. To date, numerous measures have been applied by the government and the medical community during the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak including the reporting of methods for diagnostic testing, patient classification, the introduction of drive-through screening centers, COVID-19 preventive measures, implementation of government policies for the shortage of face masks, and entry restrictions. Here, we present data from the early stages of the COVID-19 outbreak and measures to prevent its spread in South Korea. We believe that sharing the experience of South Korea during the COVID-19 outbreak can help other countries to implement strategies to prevent its rapid transmission.

BackgroundIn the last 20 years governments have sought to introduce policy that improves the quality of care provided in hospitals, yet little research has been done to understand how these policies are implemented, factors that affect the implementation process or what should be considered by decision-makers during policy development or implementation planning. Experts with real-life experience in the introduction and implementation of policy are best placed to provide valuable insight into practical issues that affect implementation and the associated outcomes of these policies.MethodsA modified Delphi study of experts in hospital policy development and implementation was undertaken to investigate factors influencing the implementation of government-directed policy in the hospital setting. This study built on the findings of two previous studies — a qualitative study of clinician perspectives of policy implementation and a systematic review and meta-synthesis, in which common contextual factors and policy characteristics associated with policy implementation were ascertained. International experts with extensive experience in government-directed policy implementation at global, national, corporate, jurisdictional and organisational levels were asked to provide opinions on predetermined factors and the feasibility of considering these in policy development and implementation planning. Survey design and analysis was guided by the Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research.ResultsEleven experts from four countries and with different health system perspectives participated in the study. Consensus was reached on the importance of all predetermined factors in the first survey round with additional factors for investigation highlighted by participants for examination in subsequent rounds. On study completion, expert consensus was reached on 24 factors of importance; only 20 of these factors reached consensus for feasibility.ConclusionsStudy findings indicated that, whilst there are multiple factors of importance in policy implementation across all Consolidated Framework for Implementation Research domains, some factors, such as establishment of roles and responsibilities for implementation and organisational lines of accountability, are feasible for consideration at a hospital level only. In addition, four factors did not reach consensus in terms of feasibility, indicating that it may not be practical to consider all factors of importance when implementing policy; this has important implications for implementation planning and resource allocation.

This study focuses on the influence of Artificial Intelligence in the form of application (software) supporting South Korea’s halal tourism policy. Specifically, this study analyses the types of correlations between the software and the implementation of halal tourism policies in South Korea. This illustrates the influence of applications on users as Muslim tourists in South Korea. Thirty applications were randomly selected, and data were collected from Google Play Store devices through Android for the period between 2010-2020. In this study a qualitative approach was applied, and literature study was chosen to examine the data. Indicators available on the Google Play Store was used, complemented by the criteria of halal tourism collected by the authors from various sources. Based on these indicators, the results of the analysis revealed that more than 50 percent of the mentioned applications were helpful for users (Muslim tourists) led to a conclusion that artificial intelligence supports the implementation of halal tourism policies in South Korea.

Reforestation policy integration by the multiple sectors toward forest transition in the Republic of Korea