Shaped association between cardiometabolic index and depressive symptoms: a population-based cross section study of U.S. adults.

BackgroundEndometriosis is intricately linked to metabolic health. The Cardiometabolic Index (CMI), a novel and readily accessible indicator, is utilized to evaluate metabolic status. This study seeks to investigate the potential correlation between CMI and endometriosis.MethodsData from four consecutive survey cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 1999 and 2006 were utilized. This included adult females with self-reported diagnoses of endometriosis and complete information required for calculating the CMI. The calculation formula for CMI is Triglycerides(TG) / High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) × WHtR (WHtR = waist circumference / height). A multivariable logistic regression model was employed to investigate the linear association between CMI and endometriosis. Subgroup analyses were performed to explore potential influencing factors. Additionally, the linear relationship was validated using restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve plotting and threshold effect analysis.ResultsThis study, based on the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), included a cohort of 2,224 adult women. The multivariable logistic regression analysis demonstrated that in the fully adjusted model, individuals with the highest CMI exhibited a 78% elevated likelihood of endometriosis compared to those with the lowest CMI (OR = 1.78; 95% CI, 1.02–3.11, P < 0.05). The subgroup analysis indicated that there were no significant interactions between CMI and specific subgroups (all interaction P > 0.05), except for the subgroup stratified by stroke status (P < 0.05). Additionally, the association between CMI and endometriosis was linear, with a 20% increase in the association for each unit increase in CMI when CMI > 0.67 (OR = 1.20; 95% CI, 1.05–1.37, P < 0.01).ConclusionThe study found that CMI levels are closely correlated with endometriosis, with this correlation increasing when the CMI exceeds 0.67. This finding implies that by regularly monitoring CMI levels, physicians may be able to screen women at risk for endometriosis at an earlier stage, thereby enabling the implementation of early interventions to slow the progression of the disease. To further validate these findings, larger-scale cohort studies are required to support the results of this research.

The cardiometabolic Index (CMI) serves as a metric for evaluating the functional and metabolic health of the heart. It aids healthcare professionals in assessing cardiac health, predicting the risk of cardiovascular diseases, and determining the effectiveness of various treatments. Despite its significance, there is a scarcity of studies examining the relationship between CMI and obstructive sleep apnea (OSA). Consequently, our objective was to clarify the relationship between CMI and OSA. We conducted a cross-sectional study using data from the 2015-2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES), focusing on a cohort of adults aged 20 years and older. To assess the prevalence of OSA, we employed the Sleep Questionnaire (SLQ) included in the NHANES dataset, which identifies OSA based on symptom-based survey items. Various analytical methods were utilized to examine the relationship between CMI and OSA, including multivariate logistic regression, restricted cubic splines (RCS), threshold effect analysis, subgroup analyses, and mediation effect analyses. In this study, we included 3,912 participants, among whom 1,997 were diagnosed with OSA, resulting in a prevalence of 51%. After thoroughly accounting for relevant covariates, a positive correlation between the CMI and OSA was observed [OR (95% CI): 1.31 (1.21, 1.42), p < 0.001]. This association was further corroborated through restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses. Additionally, threshold effect analyses indicated a significant inflection point, with the prevalence of OSA increasing significantly with CMI and then leveling off. Further subgroup analyses demonstrated a significant interaction based on smoking status (p < 0.05). Finally, mediation analyses confirmed that smoking served as a mediator in the relationship between CMI and OSA, exhibiting a mediation effect size of 0.002115. In the adult population of the United States, a positive nonlinear relationship exists between the CMI and the prevalence of OSA. Smoking status partially mediates this association. Additionally, the findings from the threshold effects analysis indicate that maintaining CMI within an appropriate range can significantly decrease the likelihood of developing OSA.

BackgroundSarcopenia is associated with metabolic disorders, cardiovascular disease, and mortality; however, its association with depression in the general population remains unknown. Therefore, we investigated this association in Korea.MethodsThis study included 8,958 and 8,518 subjects from the 2010–2011 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey V-1, 2. The study was restricted to participants ≥20 years of age who had completed the survey, including whole-body dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry scans. After exclusion, 7,364 subjects were included in our final analysis. Age was categorized into three groups (20–39, 40–59, and ≥60 years), and subjects were categorized according to their sarcopenic and obesity status. Depression was categorized into three groups (not depressed, depressed, and depression).ResultsThe sarcopenia group did not have a higher prevalence of depression or depressive symptoms compared to the nonsarcopenia group; the same was true even when obesity was considered. All age groups showed non-significant associations between sarcopenia and depression. In multivariate logistic regression models, no significant associations were observed between sarcopenia and prevalence of depression or depressed symptoms in men and women.ConclusionWe found no associations between sarcopenia and the prevalence of depression or depressed symptoms in Korean adults. Future large prospective studies and randomized controlled trials are needed to further assess this relationship.

Estimated glucose disposal rate (eGDR) emerged as an innovative marker for insulin resistance, and this study was designed to investigate the connection between eGDR and depressive symptoms. Information from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) was processed within the cross-sectional research. Relationships between depressive symptoms and eGDR were examined using weighted logistic regression models, restricted cubic splines (RCS), sensitivity analyses, and subgroup comparisons. Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis assessed the capacity for prediction of eGDR, relative to triglyceride-glucose (TyG) index, Homeostasis Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR), and glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c). Mediation analysis was also applied to assess cardiometabolic index (CMI)'s potential role in the eGDR-depression relationship. This analysis comprised 12,191 individuals stratified by eGDR tertiles (T1: <6.15; T2: 6.15-9.44; T3: ≥9.44mg/kg/min). Multivariate logistic regression, adjusted for covariates, found that T3 had a significantly lower odds ratio for depressive symptoms than T1 (OR = 0.68, 95% CI: 0.48-0.97). RCS curves confirmed a linear trend (P for non-linearity = 0.764). The negative association was particularly evident in participants under 60, non-Hispanic Black individuals, those living alone, and those without cardiovascular disease. ROC analysis indicated that eGDR had better discriminative power for depressive symptoms than TyG, HOMA-IR, and HbA1c (p < 0.05). Additionally, CMI mediated approximately 11.2% (95% CI: 4.2%-32.7%) of the total effect of eGDR on depressive symptoms. Higher eGDR correlates with lower likelihood of depressive symptoms, with CMI acting as a mediator. Reducing insulin resistance and monitoring CMI could help decrease the occurrence of depression.

BackgroundGallstones are a common hepatobiliary disorder. It is unclear whether cardiometabolic index (CMI) is associated with gallstones. The purpose of this study was to examine the association between CMI levels and gallstone prevalence among US adults.MethodsWe investigated data from 3711 participants aged 20 years or older in the 2017–2020 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES). Confounder adjustment, multivariate logistic regression modeling, and restricted cubic spline (RCS) analyses were used to assess the association between CMI and gallstone prevalence, and threshold effect analyses were performed. We conducted subgroup analyses to evaluate the impact of confounding variables, including age and gender. A sensitivity analysis was also performed to increase the robustness of the results.ResultsThe weighted prevalence of gallstones in this study was 11.04%. The risk of gallstones increased significantly with higher CMI quartiles. Logistic regression analysis showed that there was a significant positive correlation between CMI and the risk of gallstones, with a 5% increase in the risk of gallstones for each one-unit increase in CMI (OR = 1.05). In the adjusted model, the positive correlation between CMI and the risk of gallstones remained significant. RCS analysis showed a nonlinear relationship between CMI and gallstones, with an inflection point of 0.69. Subgroup analyses showed that elevated CMI was significantly associated with the risk of gallstones in females and in the 20–50 year old population.ConclusionAs the first study to show a significant association between CMI and the occurrence of gallstones in an adult population in the United States. However, further longitudinal studies are needed to verify this association.

BackgroundThere is only limited evidence for an association between calcium (Ca) and depression, and the relationship was inconsistent. Therefore, the aim of this study was to assess the relationship between dietary Ca and the risk of depressive symptoms in individuals over the age of 18 in the US.MethodsWe extracted 14,971 participants from the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007–2016 to probe their associations. Dietary Ca intake was measured through 24 h dietary recall method. Patients with the Patient Health Questionnaire-9 (PHQ-9) ≥ 10 scores were believed to have depressive symptoms. The association between dietary Ca and depressive symptoms was investigated using multivariate logistic regression, sensitivity analysis, and restricted cubic spline regression.ResultsIn this study, 7.6% (1,144/14,971) of them had depressive symptoms. After adjusting for sex, age, race, poverty to income ratio (PIR), marital status, education, body mass index (BMI), caffeine intake, carbohydrates intake, total energy intake, smoking status, alcohol consumption, physical activity, diabetes, hypertension, severe cardiovascular disease (CVD), cancer, serum vitamin D, serum Ca, and Ca supplement, the adjusted ORs value [95% confidence interval (CI)] of depression for the lowest category (Q1 ≤ 534 mg/day) vs. Q2–Q4 of Ca intake were 0.83 (0.69–0.99), 0.97 (0.65–0.95), and 0.80 (0.63–0.98) with the p for trend (p = 0.014). The relationship between dietary Ca intake and depressive symptoms was linear (non-linear p = 0.148). None of the interactions were significant except among races (p for interaction = 0.001).ConclusionAssociation between dietary Ca and the prevalence of depressive symptoms in US adults. And Ca intake was negatively associated with the risk of depressive symptoms. As Ca intake increased, the prevalence of depressive symptoms decreased.

Psoriasis is closely associated with metabolic health. The Cardiometabolic Index (CMI) is an innovative and easily obtainable metric employed to assess cardiometabolic health. This study aims to examine the possible relationship between CMI and psoriasis. Data from four successive cycles of the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2003-2004 and 2009-2014 were employed. This encompassed adults with self-reported psoriasis diagnoses and comprehensive information necessary for calculating the CMI. The calculation formula for CMI is Triglycerides (TG)/High-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) × WHtR (WHtR = waist circumference/height). A multivariable logistic regression model was utilized to examine the linear relationship between CMI and psoriasis. Subgroup analyses were conducted to investigate potential contributing factors. The linear relationship was further established using smooth curve fitting. This study, utilizing NHANES data, comprised a cohort of 7,327 American adults. The multivariable logistic regression analysis indicated that in the fully adjusted model, people with the greatest CMI had a 71% increased probability of psoriasis relative to those with the lowest CMI (OR = 1.71; 95% CI, 1.11-2.61, P < 0.05). Smooth curve fitting demonstrated a linear connection between CMI and psoriasis (P < 0.05). The subgroup analysis revealed no significant interactions between CMI and specific subgroups (all interactions P > 0.05). Our research indicates a substantial linear correlation between CMI and psoriasis in American adults. This method facilitates the identification of groups at increased risk for psoriasis, therefore guiding therapeutic solutions and public health activities to improve metabolic and dermatological health outcomes.

The associations between dietary flavonoids intake and risk of depressive symptom in diabetic patients: Data from NHANES 2007–2008, 2009–2010, and 2017–2018

depression remains a major public health problem that is most often evaluated and treated in primary care settings. The objective of this study was to examine the prevalence, treatment, and control of depressive symptoms in a national data sample using a common primary care screening tool for depression. we analyzed a sample of adults (n = 4836) from 2005 to 2008 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data. Depressive symptoms were assessed using the Patient Health Questionnaire (PHQ-9) to determine the overall prevalence, rates of treatment, and antidepressant control of mild, moderate, moderately severe, and severe depressive symptoms. of the sample, 20.1% reported significant depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) score, ≥ 5), the majority of whom had mild depressive symptoms (PHQ-9) score, 5-9). Even among individuals with severe depressive symptoms, a large percentage (36.9%) received no treatment from a mental health professional or with antidepressant medication. Of those taking antidepressants, 26.4% reported mild depressive symptoms and 18.8% had moderate, moderately severe, or severe depressive symptoms. despite greater awareness and treatment of depression in primary care settings, the prevalence of depressive symptoms remains high, treatment levels remain low, and control of depressive symptoms are suboptimal. Primary care providers need to continue to focus their efforts on diagnosing and effectively treating this important disease.

BackgroundThe cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel marker of visceral obesity and dyslipidemia. This study aimed to comprehensively evaluate the potential association between CMI and the odds of overactive bladder (OAB).MethodsIn this cross-sectional study, a total of 1,740 participants from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) conducted between 2017 and 2020 were enrolled. We employed a multivariate logistic regression model and conducted subgroup analyses to investigate the association between CMI and the prevalence of OAB. Curve fitting and threshold effect analysis were performed to assess the nonlinear relationship between CMI and OAB. The predictive efficacy of CMI, lipid accumulation product (LAP), visceral adiposity index (VAI), body mass index (BMI), weight-adjusted waist index (WWI), and triglyceride glucose index (TyG) on the incidence of OAB was determined by drawing receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curves.ResultsAfter adjusting for potential confounding factors, logistic regression analysis showed that higher CMI levels were significantly associated with a higher prevalence of OAB. After full adjustment for the model, a positive association was observed [odds ratio (OR) =1.25; 95% confidence interval (CI): 1.06–1.47], indicating that the odds of OAB increased by 25% for each unit increase in CMI. Subgroup analyses demonstrated that this association remained consistent across most subgroups. Smoothing curve fitting further confirmed a positively correlated nonlinear relationship between CMI and OAB odds. By plotting the ROC curves, we found that the area under the curve (AUC) for CMI, LAP, VAI, BMI, TyG, and WWI were 0.719, 0.715, 0.713, 0.712, 0.712, and 0.712, respectively.ConclusionsThis study suggests that CMI is positively associated with the incidence of OAB in U.S. adults. Therefore, CMI may be a predictor of OAB occurrence.

Hypertension is a major risk factor for cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) and is closely related to metabolic abnormalities. The cardiometabolic index (CMI) integrates lipid profiles and anthropometric indicators, reflecting overall cardiometabolic health. However, the CMI and blood pressure (BP) relationship is poorly understood. Therefore, this study aimed to investigate the correlation between CMI and clinical BP and evaluate the potential of using this correlation as a cardiovascular risk indicator. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) data from 2015 to 2018 were used to calculate the CMI based on the triglycerides to high-density lipoprotein cholesterol ratio and the waist-to-height ratio. The relationship between CMI and systolic blood pressure (SBP)/diastolic blood pressure (DBP) was analyzed using multivariate regression, threshold effect analysis, and subgroup analysis. In this study cohort of 4240 participants, CMI positively correlated with SBP and DBP. After adjusting for age, gender, and race, the partial correlation for SBP was 0.56 (95% CI: 0.19-0.93; p < 0.01), while for DBP, it was 1.15 (95% CI: 0.60-1.71; p < 0.001). The threshold effect analysis revealed a positive association with SBP when the CMI was below 6.83 (β = 1.44, 95% CI: 0.64-2.24; p < 0.001) and a negative association when the CMI was above 6.83 (β = -1.52, 95% CI: -2.77- -0.28; p = 0.0123). For the DBP, a positive correlation was found when the CMI was below 2.81 (β = 1.45, 95% CI: 0.10-2.79; p = 0.0345), and a negative correlation when the CMI was above 2.81 (β = -1.92, 95% CI: -3.08- -0.77; p = 0.0012). A strong interaction was observed between the CMI and gender for the SBP (p = 0.0054) and a trend for the interaction between CMI and age for the DBP (p = 0.1667). This study found a significant positive correlation between the CMI and BP, with threshold effects supporting a non-linear relationship. The strong interaction between the CMI and gender for SBP suggests that the influence of the CMI on BP may be gender-dependent. These results highlight the importance of utilizing CMI in personalized cardiovascular risk stratification and underscore the relevance of considering patient factors such as gender in managing hypertension.

Association between cardiometabolic index and sarcopenia: 2011–2018 National Health and Nutrition Examination survey (NHANES)

Chronic inflammatory airway diseases (CIAD) are well-known risk factors for depression symptoms. There exists a complex interplay between leisure-time physical activity (LTPA) and depressive symptoms. However, the relationship between LTPA duration and depressive symptoms in CIAD patients remains unclear. This study investigated NHANES data from 2007 to 2018 to investigate the relationship between LTPA and depressive symptoms in CIAD patients. We collected data from National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2007-2018. Weighted logistic regression was employed to analyze the correlation between CIAD and depressive symptoms. Next, CIAD patients with LTPA information, the similar method was also employed to examine the association between LTPA and depressive symptoms. Finally, the dose-response relationship between LTPA duration and depressive symptoms was explored using restricted cubic spline (RCS) plot. Consistent with previous research findings, patients with CIAD are more prone to experiencing symptoms of depression (P < 0.0001). Compared to CIAD patients without LTPA, patients who engage in LTPA have a lower probability of experiencing depressive symptoms (P < 0.0001). Interestingly, we had discovered that there is an l-shaped relationship between the duration of LTPA and the prevalence of depressive symptoms (non-linear P = 0.001). There is a threshold effect between the duration of LTPA and depressive symptoms. Within12 h/week, the risk of depressive symptoms in CIAD patients decreases with increased duration of LTPA. However, beyond 12 h/week, this association no longer exists. Our research indicates that CIAD patients can increase the prevalence of depressive symptoms. And LTPA over a period of time is negatively correlated with depressive symptoms, but only up to a total duration of 12 h/week.

BackgroundThe cardiometabolic index (CMI) is a novel composite measure that integrates assessments of abdominal adiposity and lipid profiles. While abdominal aortic calcification (AAC) is a well-established marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and systemic metabolic dysregulation, the association between CMI and AAC remains underexplored. This cross-sectional study aimed to investigate the association between CMI and AAC.MethodsA cross-sectional study was conducted using data from the 2013 to 2014 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) to explore the relationship between CMI and AAC. A weighted multivariate logistic regression model was employed to assess the associations between triglycerides (TG), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C), waist-to-height ratio (WHtR), CMI, and AAC. The area under the receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve (AUC) was used to assess the statistical association strength of each variable with AAC presence. Non-linear relationships were examined through restricted cubic spline (RCS) curve analysis. Potential influencing factors were investigated through subgroup analysis.ResultsThe average CMI of 2,675 participants was 0.98 ± 1.36. Multivariable regression showed that each one-unit increase in lnCMI was associated with a 0.19-point increase in the AAC score (β = 0.19, 95% CI: 0.03–0.35). Individuals in the highest CMI group had a 34% higher likelihood of severe AAC than those in the lowest (OR = 1.34; 95% CI, 1.09–1.66, P < 0.05). The ROC analysis showed CMI had an AUC of 0.548, comparable to TG (0.545), HDL-C (0.526), and WHtR (0.525). Although differences were not statistically significant (all P > 0.05), CMI may reflect underlying metabolic characteristics associated with AAC. A significant trend (P < 0.05) indicated a non-linear CMI-AAC relationship with gender-based interactions.ConclusionThis study demonstrated a positive correlation between CMI and AAC. However, given the cross-sectional nature of the study, causality cannot be directly inferred. These cross-sectional findings indicate a statistical association between CMI and AAC burden, suggesting potential epidemiological relevance. However, no causal inference can be drawn, but further longitudinal cohort studies are needed to confirm its potential value.

Association between dietary spermidine intake and depressive symptoms among US adults: National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2005-2014