SFADI: The Speckle-free Angular Differential Imaging Method

Abstract

Abstract We present a new processing technique that significantly improves the angular differential imaging method (ADI). Its context of application is that of high-contrast imaging of faint objects nearby bright stars in observations obtained with extreme adaptive optics (EXAO) systems. This technique, named “SFADI” for “Speckle-Free ADI,” improves the achievable contrast by means of speckles identification and suppression. This is possible in very high cadence data, which freeze the atmospheric evolution. Here we present simulations in which synthetic planets are injected into a real millisecond frame rate sequence, acquired at the LBT telescope at a visible wavelength, and show that this technique can deliver a low and uniform background, allowing for unambiguous detection of 10−5 contrast planets, from 100 to 300 mas separations, under poor and highly variable seeing conditions (0.8 to 1.5 arcsec FWHM) and in only 20 minutes of acquisition. A comparison with a standard ADI approach shows that the contrast limit is improved by a factor of 5. We extensively discuss the SFADI dependence on the various parameters like the speckle identification threshold, frame integration time, and number of frames, as well as its ability to provide high-contrast imaging for extended sources and also to work with fast acquisitions.