Sex-Specific Associations of Android and Gynoid Adiposity with Prediabetes Among U.S. Adults: A Cross-Sectional Analysis of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2011-2016.

Introduction Metabolic abnormalities are present in 15–25% of adults with body mass index (BMI)<25 kg/m2. While previous studies have shown that metabolically unhealthy individuals with lean body weight (MUL) and metabolically unhealthy individuals with obesity (MUO) exhibit increased visceral adiposity, direct comparisons between these groups have not been performed. Differences between the two groups may suggest different mechanisms of metabolic disease and may affect treatment strategies. Research design and methods We used the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey data (2011–2018) that included dual energy X-ray absorptiometry. Metabolic dysfunction was defined as the presence of ≥2 components of the metabolic syndrome, excluding obesity. The differences in body fat distribution between unhealthy and healthy individuals were studied with an interaction term to evaluate whether the effect of BMI differs by the metabolic health status. Results We found that both MUL and MUO groups had increased android to gynoid fat ratio as compared with metabolically healthy groups with normal or lean weight (MHL) and metabolically healthy with obesity (MHO), respectively. Total fat and android fat were higher in MUL as compared with MHL individuals, in men as well as in women. Gynoid fat was higher in MUL men but not in women. However, MUO individuals had similar total fat but lower gynoid fat as compared with MHO individuals, in men as well as in women. Android fat was significantly higher in the male MUO group but not in the female MUO group. Conclusions The study shows increased android fat as the main abnormality in MUL individuals and decreased gynoid fat as the main abnormality in MUO individuals. The differences in android and gynoid fat patterns between MUL and MUO groups suggest different mechanisms of metabolic dysfunction in people who are lean versus those with obesity.

Associations Between Sedentary Time, Physical Activity, and Dual-Energy X-ray Absorptiometry Measures of Total Body, Android, and Gynoid Fat Mass in Children

Aim:To determine the independent and commingling effect of android and gynoid percent fat (measured using Dual Energy X-Ray Absorptiometry) on cardiometabolic dysregulation in normal weight American adults.Methods:The 2005–2006 data (n=1802) from the United States National Health and Nutritional Examination Surveys (NHANES) were used in this study. Associations of android percent fat, gynoid percent fat and their joint occurrence with risks of cardiometabolic risk factors were estimated using prevalence odds ratios from logistic regression analyses.Results:Android-gynoid percent fat ratio was more highly correlated with cardiometabolic dysregulation than android percent fat, gynoid percent fat or body mass index. Commingling of android and gynoid adiposities was associated with much greater odds of cardiometabolic risk factors than either android or gynoid adiposities. Commingling of android and gynoid adiposities was associated with 1.75 (95% confidence interval (CI)=1.42–2.93), 1.48 (95% CI=1.32–1.91), 1.61 (95% CI=1.50–1.89), 3.56 (95% CI=2.91–4.11) and 1.86 (95% CI=1.49–1.96) increased odds of elevated glucose, elevated blood pressure, elevated low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, elevated triglyceride and low high-density lipoprotein-cholesterol, respectively.Conclusions:Normal weight subjects who present with both android and gynoid adiposities should be advised of the associated health risks. Both android and gynoid fat accumulations should be considered in developing public health strategies for reducing cardiometabolic disease risk in normal weight subjects.

Hepatitis C Virus Genotypes and Viral Concentrations in Participants of a General Population Survey in the United States

Accumulating evidence suggests that fat distribution is a better predictor of cardiovascular disease than body mass index (BMI). The aim of this study was to investigate the association of android and gynoid fat percentages with lipid profiles to determine whether android and/or gynoid fat percentages are associated with serum lipid levels. A population-based cross-sectional study. Five thousand six hundred and ninety-six adults (20 years and older) who participated in the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2003-2006. The regional body composition in the android and gynoid regions was defined by dual energy X-ray absorptiometry (DXA). The estimation of lipid risk profiles included total cholesterol, high-density lipoprotein (HDL) -cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) -cholesterol and triglycerides (TG). Regardless of gender, android and gynoid body fat percentages were positively and significantly correlated with BMI and waist circumference. After adjustment for age, ethnicity, education, smoking, alcohol consumption, dyslipidaemia and BMI, increases in android fat percentage were significantly associated with total cholesterol, TG and HDL cholesterol in males, and total cholesterol, HDL cholesterol and LDL cholesterol in females. The gynoid fat percentages showed a positive correlation with total cholesterol in males, whereas gynoid fat accumulation in females showed a favourable association with TG and HDL cholesterol. The observed associations differed according to ethnic groups. Our results suggest that regional fat distribution in the android and gynoid regions have different effects on lipid profiles, and that fat in the android region, rather than the gynoid region, may be an important factor in determining the risk of cardiovascular disease.

To investigate the association of regional fat depots with metabolic risk factors in Chinese women. Total and regional fat depots including android fat and gynoid fat were measured by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Central fat distribution was defined as android:gynoid fat ratio. Metabolic risk factors were defined as elevated TAG, reduced HDL-cholesterol, elevated blood pressure and elevated fasting plasma glucose. Logistic regression analyses were performed to examine the associations of regional fat depots with metabolic risk factors. The odds ratios of metabolic risks were further calculated according to tertiles of android fat and gynoid fat. Participants were recruited from a community-based cross-sectional study. Face-to-face questionnaires, anthropometric and dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry measures were conducted. Chinese women (n 609) aged 18-79 years. Android fat and android:gynoid fat ratio were associated with significantly increased odds (OR = 1·4-3·7; P < 0·01) for almost all risk factors, whereas gynoid fat was independently associated with significantly decreased odds (OR = 0·3-0·6; P < 0·01). The inverse associations of gynoid fat with metabolic risk factors remained after adjusting for android fat. Even if their android fat level was in high, women in the highest tertile of gynoid fat had lower odds of having at least two metabolic risk factors compared with women in the lowest gynoid fat tertile (P for trend < 0·01). There were opposite associations of android and gynoid fat with metabolic risks in Chinese women. Gynoid fat rather than android fat might be a more important inclusion in metabolic disease risk evaluation in female Asians.

Investigating the link between folate metabolic profiles and body fat distribution among U.S. children and adolescents.

(1) To present hearing threshold data from a recent nationally representative survey in the United States (National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 1999-2004) in a distributional format that might be appropriate to replace Annex B in international (ISO-1999) and national (ANSI S3.44) standards and (2) to compare these recent data with older survey data (National Health Examination Survey I, 1959-1962) on which the current Annex B is based. Better-ear threshold distributions (selected percentiles and their confidence intervals) were estimated using linear interpolation. The 95% confidence intervals for the medians for the two surveys were compared graphically for each of the four age groups and for both men and women. In addition, we calculated odds ratios comparing the prevalences of better-ear hearing impairment (thresholds > 25 dB HL) between the two surveys, for 500, 1000, 2000, and 4000 Hz, and for their four-frequency average. Across age and sex groups, median thresholds were lower (better) in the 1999-2004 survey at 500, 3000, 4000, and 6000 Hz (8000 Hz was not tested in the 1959-1962 survey). For both men and women, the prevalence of hearing impairment was significantly lower in 1999-2004 at 500, 2000, and 4000 Hz, but not at 1000 Hz. For men and women of a specific age, high-frequency hearing thresholds were lower (better) in 1999-2004 than in 1959-1962. The prevalences of hearing impairment were also lower in the recent survey. Differences seen at 500 Hz may be attributable at least in part to changes in standards for ambient noise in audiometry. The National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 1999-2004 distributions are offered as a possible replacement for Annex B in ISO-1999 and ANSI S3.44.

A proportion of the population sleeps longer on the weekends. We investigated a possible association between weekend catch-up sleep (WCUS) and a known index of later development of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). We tested for an association of WCUS and ASCVD risk scores in 2 existing datasets. We analyzed national data from the 2019-2021 Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 11,502) and the 2017-2020 US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (n = 2,135). WCUS duration from self-reported questionnaires was categorized as ≤ 0 hours, > 0-1 hour, 1-2 hours, and > 2 hours. The ASCVD risk score estimating a 10-year risk of ASCVD events was categorized into low (< 7.5%), intermediate (7.5-20%), and high (≥ 20%) groups. WCUS (> 2 hours) was inversely associated with the high ASCVD risk group in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (adjusted odds ratio = 0.19, 95% confidence interval: 0.08-0.45) but not in the US National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The inverse association of WCUS (> 2 hours) with the high ASCVD risk group was shown only in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, independent of weekday sleep duration (adjusted odds ratio = 0.20, 95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.51 for < 6 hours; adjusted odds ratio = 0.17, 95% confidence interval: 0.07-0.39 for ≥ 6-8 hours; adjusted odds ratio = 0.13, 95% confidence interval: 0.03-0.63 for ≥ 8 hours). However, WCUS (> 2 hours) showed no significant association with the high ASCVD risk group in weekday sleep duration subgroups. The apparent association between WCUS and ASCVD in an existing dataset underscores the need to investigate WCUS in prospective studies. Shin M-K, Chang Y, Song T-J. Association of weekend catch-up sleep with the atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease risk score: a hypothesis-generating study from US and Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Surveys. J Clin Sleep Med. 2025;21(11):1871-1881.

Magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) provides the most accurate assessments of site-specific fat accumulation, but is not readily available. Less-accurate methods, such as Dual-energy x-ray absorptiometry (DXA), bioelectrical impedance analysis (BIA), and anthropometry, have been widely used to measure overall and regional adiposity. However, the extent to which these approaches reflect MRI-derived fat depots is not fully understood. We included 18 622 White participants from the UK Biobank imaging visit. A total of 27 indices from DXA, BIA, and anthropometry were selected to characterise overall and regional adiposity, and all indices were standardised. In subgroups stratified by age and sex, Pearson correlation coefficients were used to assess the degree of linear association between these indices and MRI-determined subcutaneous, visceral, liver, and pancreas fat. Intraclass correlation coefficients (ICC) were further calculated to evaluate the absolute agreement between the corresponding fat measures. Generally, correlations of adiposity indices from DXA (total, trunk, android, gynoid, arm, and leg fat), BIA (total, trunk, arm, and leg fat), and anthropometry (body mass index (BMI), waist and hip circumference) with MRI measures were strongest for subcutaneous fat, followed by visceral fat, and weakest for liver and pancreas fat. The correlation coefficients with MRI-based visceral fat were larger for indices reflecting abdominal adiposity (e.g., DXA-based visceral, android, and trunk fat, BIA-based trunk fat, and waist circumference) and for measures of total adiposity (e.g., DXA- and BIA-derived total fat). The absolute agreement with MRI-based visceral fat was highest for DXA-based visceral, trunk, and android fat (ICC = 0.73-0.94), followed by waist circumference (ICC = 0.73-0.77), and then the remaining indices. Indices of abdominal adiposity (as indicated by DXA-derived visceral, trunk, and android fat and waist circumference) appeared highly reflective of MRI-determined visceral fat. Considering cost and accessibility, waist circumference may serve as the most appropriate surrogate for assessing visceral fat.

Allergic sensitization is a key risk factor for but not synonymous with allergic disease

Previous studies have suggested associations between glaucoma and serum sensitization to specific allergens. The purpose of this study was to examine associations between inciting factors for atopic disease, atopic diseases and symptoms, and glaucoma in the 2005-2006 National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey. The study population included adult participants of National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey 2005-2006. Inciting factors for atopic disease included pet ownership, mildew/musty smell in home, cockroaches in home, use of water treatment devices, and crowded living conditions. Atopic diseases and symptoms included hay fever, eczema, any allergy, sneezing problems, and sinus infections. The outcome was glaucoma defined by the Rotterdam criteria. Covariates included age, gender, ethnicity, and allergy-related medication use. Logistic regression was used to examine associations between each exposure and glaucoma prevalence, controlling for all covariates. Statistical analyses were weighted by the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey multistage sampling design. The weighted study population included 83,205,587 subjects, of whom 2,657,336 (3.2%) had glaucoma. After adjusting for covariates, factors associated with increased glaucoma included cat ownership (odds ratio =1.99, 95% confidence interval = 1.02-3.87) and mildew/musty smell in home (odds ratio = 1.95, 95% confidence interval = 0.99-3.84; borderline significance), while history of eczema was associated with decreased glaucoma (odds ratio = 0.27, 95% confidence interval = 0.02-0.99). In National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, self-reported cat ownership is associated with increased glaucoma prevalence, while a mildew/musty smell in home may have a borderline association with increased glaucoma prevalence. These findings are possibly related to laboratory associations identified in the same population and further studies are needed to identify potential mechanisms to explain these associations.

Prevalence of Elevated Alanine Aminotransferase Among US Adolescents and Associated Factors: NHANES 1999–2004

A long-standing association exists between elevated triglyceride levels and cardiovascular disease* (CVD).1,2 However, the extent to which triglycerides directly promote CVD or represent a biomarker of risk has been debated for 3 decades.3 To this end, 2 National Institutes of Health consensus conferences evaluated the evidentiary role of triglycerides in cardiovascular risk assessment and provided therapeutic recommendations for hypertriglyceridemic states.4,5 Since 1993, additional insights have been made vis-a-vis the atherogenicity of triglyceride-rich lipoproteins (TRLs; ie, chylomicrons and very low-density lipoproteins), genetic and metabolic regulators of triglyceride metabolism, and classification and treatment of hypertriglyceridemia. It is especially disconcerting that in the United States, mean triglyceride levels have risen since 1976, in concert with the growing epidemic of obesity, insulin resistance (IR), and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).6,7 In contrast, mean low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C) levels have receded.7 Therefore, the purpose of this scientific statement is to update clinicians on the increasingly crucial role of triglycerides in the evaluation and management of CVD risk and highlight approaches aimed at minimizing the adverse public health–related consequences associated with hypertriglyceridemic states. This statement will complement recent American Heart Association scientific statements on childhood and adolescent obesity8 and dietary sugar intake9 by emphasizing effective lifestyle strategies designed to lower triglyceride levels and improve overall cardiometabolic health. It is not intended to serve as a specific guideline but will be of value to the Adult Treatment Panel IV (ATP IV) of the National Cholesterol Education Program, from which evidence-based guidelines will ensue. Topics to be addressed include epidemiology and CVD risk, ethnic and racial differences, metabolic determinants, genetic and family determinants, risk factor correlates, and effects related to nutrition, physical activity, and lipid medications. In the United States, the National Health and …

Our study aimed to investigate the association between serum Metrnl levels and body fat distribution in type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) patients. A total of 281 Chinese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) (195 men and 86 postmenopausal women, aged 61.37 ± 6.50 years, BMI 24.88 ± 3.10 kg/m²) were included in the study. Measurements of body composition were obtained by dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Univariate and multivariate regression analyses were adjusted for age, sex, body mass index (BMI), and lipid levels, specifically android (waist/abdominal-dominant) and gynoid (hip/thigh-dominant) fat deposition. Gender-stratified analyses and restricted cubic spline models were employed. Serum Metrnl negatively correlated with A/G ratio (β = -0.01; 95% CI: -0.02~0.00) and android fat (β = -0.77; 95% CI: -1.11~-0.42). After adjustments, associations with A/G and android fat persisted, but not with gynoid fat (P > 0.05). Gender analysis showed stronger correlations in males (A/G: β = -0.02; 95% CI: -0.04~-0.01; android fat: β = -0.85; -1.28~-0.43), but not females. Lower serum levels of Metrnl were significantly associated with increased abdominal adiposity in middle-aged and elderly patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), with a more pronounced correlation observed in males. These findings suggest that Metrnl may play a role in regulating abdominal obesity and metabolic dysfunction in this demographic.