Sex-specific associations between remnant cholesterol and cardiovascular risk in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention: a 5-year large-sample study from the real world

Abstract

Abstract Background Differences in the pathophysiological characteristics and cardiovascular risk between female and male patients with coronary artery disease (CAD) are well-established. Recent studies on the relationship between remnant cholesterol (RC) and cardiovascular risk in coronary artery disease patients have gained popularity. To date, little is known about the RC-related cardiovascular risk disparities between males and females. Purpose The aim is to investigate sex-specific differences in the association between RC and cardiovascular risk among CAD patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI). Methods A prospective cohort study was conducted among 10,724 CAD patients undergoing PCI from January to December in 2013. RC was calculated as total cholesterol minus low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and high-density lipoprotein cholesterol. The primary outcome was major adverse cardiovascular and cerebrovascular events (MACCE, including cardiac mortality, revascularization and ischemic stroke) and the secondary outcomes were each component of MACCE. Results Among 9,587 PCI patients included (the average age was 58.43 ± 10.26 years and 2,181 (22.70%) were female), 1,864 (19.4%) MACCEs were recorded during the 5-year follow-up. For primary outcome, a significant interaction was observed between RC levels and sex (P for interaction = 0.007 and 0.011, for continuous and categorical RC variables, respectively). Specifically, in male patients, no significant MACCE risk was observed at any RC level (both P > 0.05) (Figure 1). However, in female patients, both continuous RC levels (hazard ratio [HR] 1.412, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.103-1.807) and the upper two quartiles of RC relative to the lowest quartile (Q3: HR 1.458, 95% CI 1.062-2.001; Q4: HR 1.496, 95% CI 1.081-2.070) were associated with higher MACCE risk. For secondary outcomes, higher RC levels were linked to an increased risk of cardiac mortality and revascularization in female patients but not in males (Table 1). Conclusions In a large-scale 5-year follow-up study from the real world, we are the first to demonstrate that RC-related cardiovascular risk is specifically observed in female CAD patients undergoing PCI, suggesting that female patients merit closer surveillance and more aggressive RC management to reduce cardiovascular risk.