Sex diagnosis by mesiodistal distances in permanent canines from Mexican population

Introduction: rest seats are used in Removable Prosthodontics to provide indirect retention for the removable partial dentures and to transfer the forces through the long axis of the abutment tooth. Materials and methods: the rest seats were scanned with Dental Wings® Model DW-IO-001 Intraoral Scan (IOS) and were analyzed the bucco-lingual distance, the mesio-distal distance, thickness and angle formed by the occlusal support and the vertical part of the minor connector. Results: seventeen rest seats were observed and grouped according to teeth groups. Bucco-Lingual (BL) distance of the oclusal rest seats prepared present correct values, excluding canines. The Mesio-Distal (MD) distance is correctly done only in canines and superior premolars. In terms of thicknesses, no rest seat preparation was done according to the guidelines, being more shallow. Only the angle of the rest support surface with the tooth axial wall in inferior premolars was correctly done (<90°). Conclusions: the methodology used in this research to analyse the rest seat dimensions enables us to obtain results with high metric precision. Special care must be taken when supervising students in order to improve clinical results.

Introduction: Gender determination is important for identification in forensic practice. Odontometrics plays an important role in sex determination in young individuals where secondary sexual characters are yet to be developed. Objective: The objective was to re-evaluate the previous finding of the sexual dimorphism in Mesiodistal (MD) and Buccolingual (BL) dimension of maxillary and mandibular canine in the study population being Medical Students of Medical College in province 4 of Nepal. Methodology: This is a cross sectional study conducted on the study cast of 40 male and 40 female medical students of academic year 2017/18 of Gandaki Medical College, Nepal, of age group 18-24 from October to December 2017. The MD and BL dimensions of all the four canines were measured using digital vernier's caliper. Data were compared using descriptive statistics, student's t-test and paired sample t test. P&lt;0.05 was found statistically significant. Results: Statistically significant sexual dimorphism was found in MD and BL dimension of maxillary and mandibular canine with males' canine measuring larger than females'. The left mandibular canine was found to be the most dimorphic in term of BL dimension among the canines. Conclusion: The present study exhibited the buccolingual dimension of the left mandibular canine as the most dimorphic tooth. Further studies using large representative sample from all the provinces has to be conducted to quantify and generalize the result among the Nepalese Dentition.

The objective of this investigation was to evaluate the root canal anatomy of permanent canines in a Saudi subpopulation utilizing CBCT. A total of 1328 CBCT images of maxillary (634) and mandibular (694) permanent canines were collected from Saudi patients who visited the College of Dentistry at King Saud University in Riyadh. The images were analyzed for root and canal numbers, canal configuration types, and symmetry between the bilateral canine teeth in each arch. Gender, age, and tooth position were recorded. The Kappa test was used for both inter- and intraexaminer reliabilities. Data were analyzed with the chi-square test at a P value ≤ 0.05. There were no two-rooted teeth in maxillary canines, and 1.89% had two canals. Double roots and double canals in mandibular canines were found in 2.88% and 9.94% of the teeth, respectively. Type I canal configuration was more common in maxillary canines (97.94%) compared to mandibular canines (92.07%). Maxillary canines showed higher bilateral symmetries of root and canal numbers and canal configuration types (100%, 98.1%, and 97.9%, resp.) compared to mandibular canines (97.1%, 90.1%, and 92.1%, respectively). The majority of maxillary and mandibular canines had a single root with a single canal and type I canal configuration. Mandibular canines are characterized by having more than one root and canal and alterations in root canal configurations compared to maxillary canines.

The size and shape of tooth crowns are morphogenetically predetermined during embryogenesis. The maxillary central incisors have contributed to sexual dimorphism, and several classifications of the form of maxillary central incisors are available in the literature. We, in the present study, aimed to analyze the mesiodistal (MD) measurements at two levels of maxillary central incisor, to determine its crown form. The study was conducted on 100 dental plaster models (50 males and 50 females). The MD dimensions at the contact area level MD_incisal (MD_I) and at the gingival papilla level (MD_G) and the gingivo-incisal height of the crown were measured in the dental models using digital Vernier caliper. The data were analyzed using SPSS version 16 statistical software. The mean values of all the three parameters measured were slightly greater for males and also for the left central incisors. There were no significant differences in all the three variables when the right and left incisors were compared. Significant differences were noted when the parameters are compared between genders. The height/width ratio of crown showed a significant difference between male and female. The value of the ratio between the two MD dimensions (MD_I and MD_G) was used to determine the crown form. The ratio between the MD dimensions at incisal and gingival area showed a significant difference between genders and no such significance was found between right and left central incisors. There is a significant difference in the form of maxillary central incisors between male and female samples and not between right and left. The MD dimensions at incisal and gingival thirds decide the form of crown.

Introduction:Sex identification of skeletal remains is one of the prime factors employed in identification of an individual. Teeth, the most hard and stable human tissue, which is resistant to physical insults, serve as a valuable material for forensic, anthropological, odontologic and genetics. Among the four main attributes of biological identity, gender determination is usually the first step in the human identification process. Hence, the main objective of the present study was to assess the dimorphic status of mesiodistal (MD) width, labiolingual (LL) width as well as cervicoincisal (CI) length of the crown in both maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors, canines and first molars.Materials and Methods:The present study comprised a set of 100 casts (50 males and 50 females) between the age group of 20–50 years of age. Impressions were made using alginate impression and study models were prepared using dental stone. The CI length of the crown, maximum MD width and maximum LL width of both maxillary and mandibular permanent incisors, canines and first molars were evaluated using digital Vernier calipers. The obtained data were analyzed using linear discriminant analysis and logistic regression method.Results:This study concludes that MD dimension of maxillary canine and CI dimension of mandibular first molar as reliable indicators for gender determination than mandibular canine, maxillary and mandibular central incisors and maxillary first molar dimensions.Conclusion:This study concludes that MD dimension of maxillary canine and CI dimension of mandibular first molar as reliable indicators for gender determination than mandibular canine, maxillary and mandibular central incisors and maxillary first molar dimensions.

Background and Aim: Sex estimate is a crucial component of human identification in a forensic setting. Due to the sexual dimorphism of human teeth, odontometrics—the measuring and analysis of tooth size standards—is most frequently utilized in age and sex determination. The aim of this study was to assess the degree of sexualdimorphism in mandibular canine using mandibular canine index using mesiodistal (MD) and buccolingual (BL)dimensions of the crown and inter canine distance measured.Material and Methods: The study sample included 200 people (100 men and 100 women), ages 18 to 35, withan average age of 22 years. The distance between the mesial and distal contact points was used to calculate the mesiodistal dimension of the mandibular canine (CMD). Each subject’s right mandibular canine index and left mandibular canine index were used to construct the canine index. The standard canine index (SCI) value was used as a cutoff point to differentiate males from females.Results: Men’s right and left mandibular canines mesio-distal crown widths were found to be significantly greater than those of their female counterparts. The current study demonstrates a very high significance of p value seen in the left mandibular canine and a significant difference in mesiodistal breadth between males and females of the right mandibular canine of p value. The total probability of sex determination for the right mandibular canine is 55% and for the left canine is 59.5% based on the conventional MCI calculations for the right mandibular canine (0.22) and for the left mandibular canine (0.21), suggesting that the left mandibular canine is more relevant for sex determination.Conclusion: It has been proven beyond a reasonable doubt that mandibular canines exhibit significant sexual dimorphism when it comes to sex determination, and it is clear from the study that this breed is a more trustworthy source for sex determination.

Background: In forensic identification, gender estimation is one of the most important parameters. Being the main component of the masticatory apparatus of the skull, teeth are a good source of material for the civil and medico-legal purpose. Gender estimation using dental features is mainly based on the comparison of tooth dimensions. Aim: This study aims at investigating and analyzing the presence of sexual dimorphism in maxillary and mandibular canine using crown dimensions. Settings and Design: The study sample consisted of a total of 204 subjects. The greatest mesiodistal (MD), labiolingual (LL) diameter, and crown height (CH) of the maxillary and mandibular canines were recorded clinically on the subjects with the help of a Digital Vernier Caliper and tight divider. Statistical Analysis: The data sample was computed using SPSS statistical program, version 21. Discriminant analysis was used to find the dimorphism in canine measurements between males and females. Results: This study revealed that males showed greater mean CH and mesiodistal dimensions for mandibular canine teeth in comparison to females. Out of the four canines, the mesiodistal dimensions of right maxillary and mandibular canines and CH of maxillary left and mandibular right canines were significantly different in males compared to those in females. According to the study, the right mandibular canine and left maxillary canine show highly consistent results for sexual dimorphism. Conclusion: The findings support the usefulness of odontometric analysis of the canine teeth in gender estimation. Therefore, it can be used as an adjunct along with other procedures for gender estimation.

The purpose of this study was to clarify the cause and prognosis of eruption disturbance of mandibular permanent canines. Fifteen Japanese children who visited Niigata University Dental Hospital between 1979 and 1997 with unerupted and/or impacted mandibular permanent canines were examined. All cases showed unilateral disturbances. The eruption disturbance of 6 mandibular canines was associated with a calcified obstacle such as an odontoma (5 cases) or a supernumerary tooth (1 case). After removal of the obstacle, 5 canines were aligned within the dentition. Out of 10 cases, where the permanent canine germ showed malpositioning or aberrant eruption path, 5 primary predecessors had undergone endodontic treatment. In these 10 cases, 6 canines erupted after treatment, two were extracted and the remaining two were left in their impacted position. The present results suggest that it is relatively easy for the position of unerupted mandibular canines associated with calcified obstacles to be improved by removal of the obstacle, but that it is more difficult for teeth showing anomaly in the position of the canine germ to be aligned within the dentition.

Treatment planning in the mixed dentition is important for proper tooth alignment. A mixed dentition analysis, should accurately predict the mesiodistal widths of unerupted permanent teeth. The aim of the present study was to determine which sum of mesiodistal widths (MDW) of permanent teeth will be the best predictor for MDW of unerupted permanent canines and premolars. The study was conducted on 102 Egyptians, 51 males and 51 females, mean age 16.7 +/- 0.5 years with fully erupted permanent teeth, and intact proximal surfaces. Dental casts were obtained and scanned to produce digital images that were used on a specially designed software program to measure the MDW of permanent teeth. Casts were divided into training and validation sets, where 9 models of tooth combinations were used to develop a regression equation that describes the relation between them and sum of MDW of erupted maxillary or mandibular canines, first and second premolars. The validation set was used to test the accuracy of the proposed equation. R2 of regression models ranged from 0.3 (for models #2, 4, 5 and 8) to 0.36for model #1. The highest regression in model #1 (sum of MDW of lower first permanent molars and upper central incisors) indicated a high linear association between the sum of MDW of tooth combination model #1 and the MDWofmaxillary and mandibular permanent canines and premolars. There was no significant difference between the actual and the predicted MDW when the proposed equation was checked for its accuracy in the entire validation set (p > 0.05). The combination of the sums of lower permanent first molars and upper permanent central incisors was the best predictor for the MD W of both maxillary and mandibular permanent canines and premolars. The newly proposed prediction equation may be considered clinically useful for mixed dentition analysis in Egyptian subjects.

Abbreviations: MD: Mesiodistal, SD: Standard deviation, mm: millimetres. Introduction: Various methods of identification such as anthropometry, stature estimation, dactylography, sex estimation, age estimation, DNA analysis, differentiation by blood groups and odontology are used in forensic medicine to create biological profile of an unknown individual. Estimation of sex is the first step towards identification of person. Determination of sex from skeletal remains is an essential task in medicolegal examination.Teeth are highly indestructible and reveal minimal turnover of natural substance hence teeth can be used for sex estimation. Mesiodistal parameter of mandibular and maxillary canine gave evidence of sex estimation due to sexual dimorphism. Aim: The aim of our study was to evaluate the sex estimation by mesiodistal width of mandibular canine and mesiodistal width of maxillary canine in north Indian population. Materials and Methods: The sample comprised of dental impression from 120 individuals (60 males and 60 females), all young adults between 20 and 35 years of age. Impressions of the teeth were made using irreversible hydrocolloid (alginate) material and casts poured in dental stone. Mesiodistal (MD) dimensions of mandibular and maxillary canine of both right and left side is measure by caliper. Results: Mean mandibular canine width of both right and left sidewere higher in male than female and were statistically significant whereas, mean maxillary canine width of both right and left side were slightly higher in male than female but were not statistically significant in young north Indian population. Left mandibular canine width (6%) was more sexually dimorphic than right mandibular canine width (5.1%). Whereas negligible sexual dimorphism shown by maxillary canine. Conclusion: The study confirmed that among maxillary and mandibular canine, mandibular canine can be used for sex estimation and shows significant sexual dimorphism.

The overall estimated prevalence of rheumatoid arthritis (RA) in Mexico is 1.6%, but there are major variations in different geographic areas of the country. This study aimed to determine the impact of individual and regional variables on the geographic distribution of RA in Mexico. This multilevel analysis used data from a cross-sectional study that investigated the prevalence of RA among 19,213 individuals older than 18 years throughout 5 geographic regions in Mexico. Logistic regression models were used to determine predictors of RA, including individual and regional variables as well as cultural factors. Adjusted odds ratios (ORs) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were determined. The prevalence of RA varied from 0.77% to 2.8% across the 5 regions. Individual factors associated with RA were sex (OR, 2.32; 95% CI, 1.74-3.07), previous medical diagnosis of RA ( OR 3.3, 95%CI: 2919–5.1 [corrected]), disability (OR, 2.07; 95% CI, 1.48-2.93), and the 56- to 65-year age group (OR, 1.95; 95% CI, 1.08-3.74). The regional factor of speaking an indigenous language had an OR of 2.27 (95% CI, 1.13-4.55). Various individual and regional factors were associated with variations in the prevalence of RA in the Mexican population.

This study evaluated the prevalence of a second root and canal, gender differences, and bilateral symmetry of mandibular and maxillary permanent canines in a Saudi Arabian population using a cone-beam computed tomography (CBCT). The first step was to evaluate CBCT images of 208 patients with 794 canines (410 mandibular and 384 maxillary canines). The second step was to identify the number of roots, number of canals, and canal configurations based on Vertucci's classification to investigate the prevalence of a second root and a second canal, gender differences, and bilateral symmetry. A Z test evaluated differences in the independent proportions; a Chi-square test determined differences between genders and Cohen's Kappa test assessed bilateral symmetry. The prevalence of two roots and two canals in mandibular canines was 2.7% and 9.3%, respectively, and Vertucci's type III appeared in 6.1%, and Vertucci's type V appeared in 3.2%. In maxillary canines, there were no two-rooted teeth, and only 1% of two canals were present with Vertucci's type III. There were no statistically significant differences between genders in both mandibular and maxillary canines. High bilateral symmetries of roots and canals appeared in mandibular canines (95.5% and 91.1%, respectively) and maxillary canines (100% and 98.9%, respectively). One root, one canal, and Vertucci's type I are the primary and typical characteristics of mandibular and maxillary canines. The presence of a second root in mandibular canines is small, although the presence of two canals is not unusual. Conversely, it is rare to find a second root and canal in maxillary canines. Mandibular canines showed bilateral asymmetry (8.9%) in the number of canals between the right and left sides, which could be of clinical importance when planning root canal treatment (RCT) on contralateral canines.

This retrospective study aimed to compare the three-dimensional (3D) outcomes of the novel miniscrew-anchored maxillary protraction (MAMP) therapy and the bone-anchored maxillary protraction (BAMP) therapy. The sample comprised growing patients with skeletal Class III malocclusion treated with two skeletal anchored maxillary protraction protocols. The MAMP group comprised 22 patients (9 female, 13 male; 10.9 ± 0.9 years of age at baseline) treated with Class III elastics anchored on a hybrid hyrax expander in the maxilla and two mandibular miniscrews distally to the permanent canines. The BAMP group comprised 24 patients (14 female, 10 male; 11.6 ± 1.1 years of age at baseline) treated with Class III elastic anchored in two titanium miniplates in the infra-zygomatic crest and two miniplates in the mesial of the mandibular permanent canines. Three-dimensional displacements were measured in the pre- and post-treatment cone-beam computed tomography scans superimposed on the cranial base using the Slicer Automated Dental Tools module of 3D Slicer software (www.slicer.org). Mean differences (MD) between groups and 95% confidence interval (CI) were obtained for all variables. Intergroup comparison was performed using the Analysis of Covariance (P < .05). Both groups showed improvements after treatment. The MAMP group showed a smaller anterior (MD: -1.09mm; 95% CI, -2.07 to -0.56) and 3D (MD: -1.27mm; 95% CI, -2.16 to -0.74) displacements of the maxilla after treatment when compared with BAMP. Both groups showed negligible and similar anteroposterior changes in the mandible (MD: 0.33mm; 95% CI, -2.15 to 1.34). A greater increase in the nasal cavity width (MD of 2.36; 95% CI, 1.97-3.05) was observed in the MAMP group when compared with BAMP. The absence of an untreated control group to assess the possible growth impact in these findings is a limitation of this study. Both BAMP and MAMP therapies showed adequate 3D outcomes after treatment. However, BAMP therapy produced a greater maxillary advancement with treatment, while MAMP therapy showed greater transversal increases in the nasal cavity.

Background A thorough knowledge of root and root canal morphology in primary dentition is essential for success of endodontic therapy. This information also finds importance in anthropological research in reconstructing human population history. Lack of studies of root and root canal morphology in mandibular anterior teeth prompted us to the present study. Methods A total of 109 extracted primary mandibular incisors and canines were collected, out of which 90 teeth were selected for this study and divided into 3 groups: CI, mandibular central incisor; LI, mandibular lateral incisor; C, mandibular canine. All the sample teeth were scanned using cone beam computed tomography (CBCT). Number of roots, number of root canals, length of root, mesiodistal (MD), and buccolingual (BL) width of canal, shape of canal, and presence of accessory canals were assessed. Collected data were statistically compared using one-way ANOVA and chi-square tests. Results All teeth studied displayed single root with single root canal conforming to type I Vertucci's classification. Root length of CI was significantly shorter than both LI and C, with no significant difference between LI and C. Straight root canals were more common in CI and LI, whereas curved canals were more common in C. S-shaped canals were seen in a few CI and C. BL canal width was more than MD width in all teeth, C showing significantly larger dimensions than both CI and LI. Conclusion This study presents root and root canal characteristics of primary mandibular central incisor, lateral incisor, and canine in children from Indian ethnicity.

The aim of this study was a radiographic mesiodistal analysis of the shape of the bone crest 3 months after tooth removal. One hundred single tooth extractions were performed on 100 patients because of orthodontic or prosthetic causes. Bite blocks were used for two radiographs: one on the day of extraction and the other after healing of the socket, 3 months later. These X-rays were used to determine: (1) the most apical distance of alveolar ridge resorption, with baseline as the line between bone-to-teeth contact (the greatest distance in bone resorption height) and (2) the mesiodistal distance (MDD) and mesial and distal angles arising after bone tissue modeling. Significant differences (P<0.05) emerged between the MDDs of multiple- [8 mm, 95% confidence interval (CI): 6.09, 9.90] and single-root teeth (5.60 mm, 95% CI: 4.80, 6.50). However, mesial or distal angles or the most apical distance of alveolar ridge resorption did not differ (mean distance in height=4.32 mm, 95% CI: 3.85, 4.78; mean angle=24 degrees ). In this study, the post-extraction mesiodistal bone distance between teeth adjacent to the edentulous ridge depends on the size of the edentulous space. Nevertheless, the distance does not affect the distance in bone loss height. The distance of bone resorption height reaches a balance at the midpoint, which we consider indicative of stable healing. This resorption process must be considered when placing dental implants in fresh extraction sockets, especially in aesthetic sites, because the implant surfaces could be exposed after 3 months.