Settler colonialism or a hybrid case? Dimensions of colonization in Cyprus and Turkish Cypriot–settler antagonism

Can Cyprus overcome its health-care challenges?

Can Cyprus overcome its health-care challenges?

<p><strong>Abstract</strong></p><p>The Ottoman citizens together with the local community had generally lived a peaceful life in Cyprus, conquered by the Ottoman Empire in 1571, until the island was handed over to the England in 1878. Following such period and subsequent process, the Turkish Cypriots and Greek Cypriots continued to live together in the island until the foundation of Republic of Cyprus in 1960; yet, with the impact of British policies, the Turkish and Greek Cypriot communities had started to disintegrate. In 1950s, the island began to lose its nature and the concept of living together peacefully was disappeared due to the armed attacks of Greek Cypriots launched within the scope of underground military organisation and the responses of Turkish Cypriots through their underground military organisations together with the limited resources. The events, which stopped with the foundation of 1960 Republic of Cyprus, had become more severe following the obligatory leave of Turkish Cypriots from the partnership republic in 1963, and continued until the military intervention of Turkey in 1974 and both communities had losses, more in the Turkish Cypriot side. Until 1950s to 1974, the Turkish Cypriots, who did not feel secure in the southern part of island, migrated to the northern part of island. The relevant immigrants had shared their common lives with the Greek Cypriots before 1950s and then the following conflicts through oral narratives to their children born in the northern part of Cyprus; therefore, the perceptions of children of migrated families were only shaped with the narrations and some written references since a direct communication was not possible particularly until the opening of border crossing points. The original value of this study is the non-availability of any oral history research on the Turkish-Greek Cypriot relations before 1974 conducted with the generation after 1974; the aim of this research is to identify the perceptions of Turkish Cypriots born in the northern part of Cyprus mainly after 1974 that was shaped within the framework of oral narrations within the families through the individual interviews with the reference people sharing their experiences within the history via the press screening for the identification of social-political structure during the historical process, and the formation of such perceptions through the interviews.</p><p><strong>Öz</strong></p><p>1571’de Osmanlı İmparatorluğu’nca fethedilen Kıbrıs’ta, Osmanlı vatandaşları ile, yerli halk, 1878’de ada İngiltere’ye kiralanana kadar, bir arada, genel olarak huzurlu bir yaşam sürmüşlerdir. 1878’de, adanın İngiltere’ye kiralanması ve izleyen süreçte adada, 1960 Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti kurulana değin, Kıbrıslı Türkler ve Kıbrıslı Rumlar, bir arada yaşamaya devam etmiş ancak, İngiliz yönetiminin politikalarının da etkisi ile, Türk ve Rum toplumları süreç içerisinde ayrışmaya başlamıştır. 1950’li yıllarda, önce Kıbrıslı Rumlarca yer altı askeri yapılanma kapsamında başlatılan silahlı saldırılar ve Kıbrıslı Türklerin kendilerini müdafaa kapsamındaki yer altı askeri yapılanmaları aracılığıyla ve kısıtlı imkanlarla verdiği karşılıklarla birlikte, adada kayıplar yaşanmış, bir arada huzurlu yaşam olgusu yitirilmiştir. 1960 Kıbrıs Cumhuriyeti’nin kurulması ile duran olaylar, 1963’de Kıbrıslı Türklerin ortaklık cumhuriyetinden ayrılmak zorunda kalmasının akabinde, yeniden şiddetlenmiş ve Türkiye’nin adaya 1974’de gerçekleştirdiği askeri müdahaleye kadar sürmüş; Kıbrıslı Türk toplumundan daha fazla olmak üzere, iki toplum da kayıplar vermiştir. 1950’lerden, 1974’e kadar, çatışmalar nedeniyle, adanın güneyinde kendilerini güvende hissetmeyen Kıbrıslı Türkler, adanın kuzeyine göç etmiştir. İlgili göçmenler, Rum toplumu ile 1950’ler öncesi ortak yaşamlarını ve sonrasındaki çatışmaları sözlü anlatımlarla, adanın kuzeyinde doğan çocuklarına aktarmış; özellikle 2003 yılında sınır kapıların açılmasına kadar, doğrudan iletişimin mümkün olamaması nedeniyle, göç eden neslin çocuklarının algısı, sadece anlatımlar ve bazı yazılı kaynaklar ile şekillenmiştir. 1974 sonrası doğan nesil ile daha önce, 1974 öncesi Türk-Rum ilişkileri hakkında sözlü tarih araştırması yapılmamış olması, çalışmanın özgün değerini ortaya koyarken; çalışmada, tarihsel süreçteki deneyimlerini aktaracak kaynak kişilerle gerçekleştirilen bireysel görüşmeler ve yine tarihsel süreçteki sosyal-siyasi yapıyı tespit adına basın taraması ile birlikte, temel olarak, 1974 sonrası kuzeyde doğan Kıbrıslı Türklerin, aile içi sözlü anlatımlar çerçevesinde şekillenen ilgili algılarının, gerçekleştirilecek mülakatlar ile şekillendiğinin tespiti hedeflenmektedir.</p>

This study analyses how the Family Empowerment and Welfare Mobilization (PKK) team plays a significant role in increasing village tourism development in Pujon Kidul, Malang Regency, East Java Province, Indonesia. We highlighted women's empowerment by categorising the social, economic, and political dimensions that contribute to the success. Using the case study method, we investigated the phenomenon in tourism development from 2011 to 2023 (12 years). Data was collected through in-depth interviews with key stakeholders to reveal the extent to which women have been “cracking their glass ceiling” in the three dimensions. The finding reveals that the PKK team could accommodate women's interests and actualise their aspirations and initiatives by promoting community movement (social dimension), allowing them to join SMEs and upskilling programs (economic dimension), and involving them in drafting village development plans and budgeting (political dimension). This study contributes to the literature on women’s empowerment, especially in the social, economic, and political dimensions of tourism development.

Review: <i>Living in Indigenous Sovereignty</i>, by Elizabeth Carlson-Manathara with Gladys Rowe

Wakefield's Offspring

Perishing Heritage:

Transnational Settler Colonial Formations and Global Capital: A Consideration of Indigenous Mexican Migrants Lourdes Gutiérrez Nájera (bio) and Korinta Maldonado (bio) The Los Angeles Central Library’s exhibition “Visualizing Language: A Zapotec Worldview,” which opened this past September, features a series of murals produced by the Oaxacan artists collective Tlacolulokos. The murals are envisioned as providing a “counter-narrative” to existing ones painted by Dean Cornwell, in 1933, depicting a history of California in four stages: Era of Discovery, Missions, Americanization, and Founding of the City of Los Angeles.1 In these paintings Native people are depicted as marginal and subservient figures within grander visions of colonization. The new murals are thus intended to provide a new voice by putting “a different protagonist in the center of the story.”2 What is of interest for the present essay is who gets to tell this story. It is not Native artists on whose land the library is built, but Oaxacan Indigenous people. In this way, this project continues a legacy of erasure embedded in current discourses of multiculturalism that reinforce settler colonial dispossession and hegemony.3 Taking Indigenous Mexican migration as a point of departure, this essay joins critical scholarship on settler colonialism exploring the role of the migrant in settler processes. Following Patrick Wolfe’s theorization of settler colonialism as a structuring force rather than as a historical passage,4 we ask: How might a comparative framework on settler colonialisms help us articulate theoretical discussion beyond the dominant settler–Native racial binary? And in which ways does the settler colonial theoretical framework render visible the ways in which distinct bodies are racialized within and beyond national boundaries? We understand settler colonialism as the complex reverberations originating from Indigenous dispossession and white possession.5 As a global and transnational phenomenon,6 settler colonialism is a structuring force that in coproduction with the transatlantic slave trade, indentured labor, and other forms of racial [End Page 809] ordering enables particular racial logics and forms of exclusions integral to global capital and empire.7 We also examine settler colonialism within a relational framework promoted by Indigenous and Indigenous studies scholars. A comparative perspective provides synergistic opportunities to compare histories of dispossession and racialization between US and Mexican native populations while recognizing differing colonial experiences. A relational framework examines specific contingencies and conditions of settler colonial contexts to avoid a flattening of distinct historical trajectories that are contained within differences. Thus we place settler colonialism in relation to other imperial formations that allow us to better understand how Indigenous migrants move among distinct race, class, gender, and other colonial formations, as Manu Vimalassery, Juliana Hu Pegues, and Alyosha Goldstein have argued.8 Our consideration of settler colonialism expands beyond Latinx or Chicanx contexts by destabilizing hegemonic categories that draw on national or racial distinctions and erase Indigenous peoples’ experiences.9 Despite constitutional reforms recognizing Mexico’s plural composition, Indigenous peoples in Mexico are subjected to racism, oppression, and dispossession, much like Native Americans in the United States. The multicultural shift in Mexico has served as a governance strategy10 that aims to control and disable radical politics by creating legal frameworks of “conditional inclusion”11 while erasing Indigenous peoples’ demands for autonomy and self-determination. Ultimately these policies further promote Indigenous migration. Through a comparative analysis of settler colonialism in the context of Mexican Indigenous migration to California and Washington, we demonstrate distinct ways in which Indigenous migrants mobilize and articulate their indigeneity. We argue that Indigenous migrant forms of engagement are framed by the particular settler logics and imperial formations in which they find themselves. We show that settler colonialism is contingent and historical. Further, we examine how Los Angeles becomes a site where logics of erasure stand out, while in Yakima connections and relationality that move us beyond settler–colonial binaries prevail. By looking at the case of Zapotecs in a dense urban environment inhabited by many Indigenous bodies, we propose that Natives become invisible at different places and historical moments, whereas in the Yakima valley a rural context renders Indigenous recognition more visible. [End Page 810] Indigenous Mexicans in the United States Until recently, we have tended to think of...

Social, political, and technological dimensions of the sustainability evaluation of a recycling network. A literature review

The new field of settler colonial studies has focused on a specific structure of power, with the settlers and the metropole exerting domination over submissive natives. However, settler colonial structures can fail to take hold and become indigenous states, revert to the colonial metropole or remain contested indefinitely. This article attempts to pinpoint the elements that are crucial in determining the outcome of attempted settler colonial projects: the fostering of a nationalist consciousness amongst indigenous communities, the demographic balance between the settler community and the indigenous community, notions and structures of inclusive and exclusive political order, and the desire to fit into the international community by appropriating international norms. It examines the potential of each of these elements to be appropriated and utilized by either the settler or the indigenous community and observes the tragic transformative influence the use of these measures has on shaping violence and repression. The article ends by suggesting avenues for future research and the integration of specific fields of political science into settler colonial studies.

Reviewed by: The Settler Colonial Present by Lorenzo Veracini Martin Crevier Veracini, Lorenzo – The Settler Colonial Present. New York: Palgrave Macmillan, 2015. Pp. 159. Settler colonial studies is an emerging distinct field of academic inquiry, replete with its own journal (Settler Colonial Studies) and interpretive lens. Drawing on this now wide-ranging literature, in The Settler Colonial Present, Lorenzo Veracini, who has been at the center of this development, aims to show that settler colonialism is a crucial feature of "the global present." His subsidiary objective is to offer pathways for strategies of decolonization. Four chapters structure the argument. Each seeks to situate and contextualize the global and current impact of settler colonialism by proposing a negative definition. As Veracini convincingly shows in the introduction, settler societies have been negatively defined, from inside and outside, against an abiding Indigenous presence or a distant but hovering metropole. As such, chapters argue that settler colonialism "is not colonialism" (chapter 1), that "it is not somewhere else" (chapter 3), and that "it is not finished" (chapter 4). Chapter 2 also frames itself in the negative by arguing that "settlers are not migrants." Readers familiar with Veracini's corpus might be surprised by the seemingly hackneyed themes of the chapters. The distinction between settler colonialism and colonialism tout court is the principle on which the scholarly edifice of settler colonial studies is erected. As for the purported permanent and structural character of settler colonialism, having been so well encapsulated in Patrick Wolfe's memorable phrase, one would expect it to be the premise of Veracini's project. If all chapters expand theoretical debates and offer insightful interventions, too little is nevertheless said on this global "settler colonial present" and how to transcend it. The first chapter is based on an analogy. "Colonialism" and "settler colonialism" are respectively comparable to viruses and bacteria. Both are exogenous elements that "dominate" their locales, but while viruses (colonialism) need living cells to survive, bacteria (settler colonialism) do not necessarily rely on other organisms. The analogy is useful on a conceptual level as a way to distinguish between both modes of domination and to account for their relationships contingent on time and place. Yet, as Veracini takes us from heuristics to contemporaneous times, it obfuscates more than it reveals. There is, for instance, something dehumanizing and needlessly abstract in comparing Second Intifada Palestinian suicide bombers to "repeated doses of penicillin" (p. 30). Apart from a section on settler colonialism's imperviousness to the "viral medicine of traditional decolonization methods" (p. 20) such as declarations of independence, it is not clear how the analogy [End Page 714] helps us apprehend current predicaments. Moreover, although it is intended to nourish thought along the rest of the chapters, few references are made back to the first chapter as the book progresses. Veracini stresses that the analogy is solely metaphorical, but the reliance on a biomedical vocabulary sits uncomfortably with the malign history of technological and biological disruption in settler colonial and colonial contexts. Chapter 2 argues that unlike migrants, settlers are defined by a conquering "sovereign capacity." They create political orders by disavowing Indigenous sovereignties, while migrants recognize the sovereignty they encounter and are therefore subjected to already constituted political orders (p. 41). The distinction matters because migrants are generally characterized as settlers and thus as a force of dispossession. Yet in their subordination to the settler state they in fact resemble Indigenous peoples, especially when they do not fit a predetermined "ethnic mould." Veracini thus encourages us to think of settlers and migrants concurrently, especially since Indigenous sovereignty claims and defiance to migratory regimes both serve to destabilize settler orders (pp. 40–48). These assertions are original in their attempt to link conversations often held in parallel: the immigration to settler states and the displacement that is the founding act of these societies. Yet, one wonders again how to render these ideas on the ground. In contrast, in Elusive Refuge (2016), Laura Madokoro describes a series of workshops she organized to foster dialogue between immigrant and Indigenous communities in Canada and how they exemplify the messiness that these difficult questions entail in reality. Veracini's insistence on remaining at a...

Being and Becoming Ute: The Story of an American Indian People

Patrimony for Peace:

Mangroves provide several important functions such as gatherings, nurseries, living areas, and eating habitats. The best management plan designed for the conservation of mangrove wetlands must be considered as well as an ecological and social facility. The purpose of this study was to analyze the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management from the ecological, economic, social, institutional and technological dimensions using the MDS (Multi Dimension Scaling) method through the RAP-MANGROVE (Rapid Assessment for Mangrove) approach in Pangkah Wetan and Pangkah Kulon Villages, Ujungpangkah District, Gresik Regency, East Java Province. The results of the study show that the sustainability index of the mangrove ecosystem in the Pangkah Wetan Village for ecological, institutional, and technological dimensions are less sustainable, while for economic and social dimensions are sufficiently sustainable; while in the Pangkah Kulon Village for ecological, social, institutional, and technology dimensions are sufficiently sustainable, while for economic dimension is sustainable. Based on the results of leverage analysis, it shows attributes that are very sensitive to the sustainability status of mangrove ecosystems, for the ecological dimension are fauna diversity in mangrove ecosystems, and coastline changes. The sensitive attributes in the economic dimension are a type of direct use mangrove ecosystems for community, and contributions mangrove ecosystem to increasing labor; while in social dimension are mangrove ecosystems damaged by community and community access to utilize mangrove ecosystems. The sensitive attributes in the institutional dimension are involvement of community institutions regarding mangrove ecosystem management and the existence of sanctions for violating regulations in the mangrove ecosystem; while in technological dimension are processing techniques for mangrove products, and the techniques for capturing biota in mangrove ecosystems. The results of the Monte Carlo analysis show that the overall dimensions in this study are adequate and valid (indicated by the difference between MDS and Monte Carlo <5%), while the Goodness of Fit analysis shows an S-stress value of <0.25 for each dimension, so the RAP-MANGROVE model in this analysis it is a good model and can be used to analyze the accuracy of the sustainability of mangrove ecosystem management.

Sustainability reporting guidelines developed by Global Reporting Initiative (GRI) provide a systematic approach for the companies to report their performance on social, environmental, and economic dimensions of sustainability. This study compared the sustainability reports of leading Indian public and private sector companies. Reports were analyzed based on GRI guidelines toward their reporting on sustainability. A numerical score from 0 to 3 was assigned for each of the 84 performance indicators (9, 30, and 45 indicators for economic, environment, and social dimensions, respectively) of the GRI 2011 guidelines based on inclusiveness of sustainability report. The analysis showed that reporting on economic dimension was comparatively better as compared to social and environmental dimensions. Sampled companies did not show much difference in their reporting practices on economic performances. However, considerable difference was observed in their reporting practices on environmental and social dimensions. Reporting practices of Tata Steel were better in all dimensions of sustainability and emerged as a responsible company on sustainability reporting.