SERVICIOS ECOSISTÉMICOS HÍDRICOS Y LOS CUELLOS DE BOTELLA EN SU IMPLEMENTCIÓN EN LA GESTIÓN DEL AGUA POTABLE: UN ESTUDIO EN LA REGIÓN SAN MARTÍN, AMAZONÍA PERUANA

The coastal region of Bangladesh is greatly impacted by high soil and water salinity levels, worsened by tropical cyclones and rising sea levels. Understanding the extent of salinity and its challenges is vital for sustainable agriculture and safe drinking water. This study employed both quantitative methods, focusing on soil and water parameters, as well as qualitative approaches such as focus group discussions (FGDs) and key informant interviews (KIIs). The objectives of this research were to assess soil and water salinity, and soil nutrient content, and to investigate adaptive practices and challenges in agriculture and drinking water management in six sub-districts in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Qualitative information obtained from 18 FGDs and 16 KIIs was assessed by thematic and content analysis to evaluate the community-based adaptive techniques and challenges in sustainable agriculture and water management in the salinization-affected region. Using a one-way ANOVA and post hoc Tukey tests, the soil and water parameters of the collected 165 soil samples (croplands), and 132 water samples (ponds and canals) were analyzed to assess the soil nutrients (nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium) and soil and water salinity in six sub-districts.The soil nitrogen, phosphorus, and potassium contents exhibited significant variations, whereas there was no notable difference in soil salinity content across the studied sub-districts. Upon examination of pond water salinity levels, significant variations were observed among the six sub-districts. The salinity levels (ds cm-1) in pond water ranged between 13 and 14 ds cm-1 in these sub-districts. Among them, Shyamnagar recorded the highest level of pond water salinity (13.99), followed by Assasuni (13.96), Dacope (13.91), Koyra (13.58), Morrelganj (13.33), and Mongla (13.19) sub-districts. Pairwise comparisons of salinity levels in pond and canal water show that the salinity level in most water samples varied significantly among sub-districts.Respondents in FGDs and KIIs consistently identified salinity as a major challenge in agriculture and drinking water in the studied sub-districts. Additionally, climate-induced stresses, such as untimely precipitation, and pest outbreaks during droughts were recognized as significant issues impacting sustainable agriculture. In terms of adaptive practices, this research emphasizes the feasibility of rainwater harvesting as an effective technique for managing drinking water and mitigating water and soil salinity. This approach offers a viable solution for addressing water scarcity and salinity issues in the coastal region. One notable finding in agriculture from the research is the positive impact of organic fertilizer (vermicompost) in reducing soil salinity levels. This finding highlights the potential of utilizing organic fertilizer as a nature-based solution to mitigate salinity in the affected regions of Bangladesh and globally. By adopting such adaptive strategies, the region can promote resilient agricultural systems and ensure sustainable water management.In summary, the study highlights the prevalence of soil and water salinity in the coastal region of Bangladesh and the associated challenges it poses for agriculture and drinking water management. The research emphasizes the significance of adaptive practices, specifically rainwater harvesting and organic fertilizer, as a practical solution to address water scarcity and salinity issues in the region.

Background: The Millennium Development Goals (MDGs) - 7 aimed to reduce by half the proportion of population without sustainable access to safe drinking water and basic sanitation by 2015. Without access to clean water and basic toilets, and without good hygiene practices, a child’s survival, growth and development are at risk. This study was conducted to assess the drinking water management and handling practices at household level of Sullia Taluk of Karnataka which would give an insight into drinking water management and handling practices in this area. Also the present study is planned to determine the sanitary practices in the households of Sullia Taluk. Methods: 260 houses were sampled using a probability proportionate to sampling size . A cross sectional study was done using a semistructured questionnaire to assess water handling, water management and sanitary practices. Free chlorine in the water was assessed by O- Toluidine. Results: Main source of drinking water was protected dug well in 31.5% and 75.3% did not have any alternate source of drinking water. 92% of those who stored water in overhead tanks and sumps did not clean them within seven days. 14% of the households did not use any of the water treatment methods before drinking. There was no free chlorine in the water of any of the households . 4% did not wash their hands with soap post-defecation. 28% of the households threw their waste indiscriminately around their house. 92% had cattle in close proximity to their house. None of the households practiced open field defecation. Conclusions: Health education is very important to prevent the incidences of water and sanitation related diseases. Emphasis needs to be given to behavioural change communication to create awareness among the households regarding the importance of water and sanitation practices.

The aim of this research is to determine how the strategy planning and the implementation in drinking water management by PT Aetra to deal with the universal access and based on Permen PU no. 18/PRT/M/2007. Analysis used descriptive qualitative with comparative approach between strategic planning and theory of strategic planning and management. As a commitment in the drinking water service excellence, strategic planning and management set out in the annual work meeting and resulted in business strategies implemented next year. Strategy planning which is formulated in the policies and regulations form in order to achieve the vision, mission and values. Strategic planning has not been considered environmental factors such as seasonal changes which are very influential in the water management of drinking water. The total of the precipitation influence in water management by Aetra especially in the quality of raw water instead of the quantity of raw water. In managing water, the concept of sustainable development has been applied and continues to be improving needed for a balance between profit, environmental and social.

This study discusses the community Participation in the Management of Drinking Water Facilities in Langam Village, Lopok District Sumbawa Regency. The objectives of this research consist of; 1) to find out community participation in the management of drinking water facilities in Langam village, Lopok sub-district, Sumbawa Regency and 2) to find out supporting and inhibiting factors in community participation in Langam village, Lopok sub-district Sumbawa Regency. The approach used in this research is a qualitative descriptive approach. This research was conducted in Langam village, Lopok district Sumbawa Regency. Collecting data using interview methods, and documentation. Furthermore, the data analyzed consisted of three activity procedures, namely; data reduction, data presentation and data verification or conclusions. The results of the study found that community participation in drinking water management in Langam Village, Lopok District Sumbawa Regency was divided into two forms, namely; viewed from the planning stage of the development of drinking water facilities, it is measured by looking at three items consisting of a) the activity of residents attending meetings; b) submit proposals or opinions; and c) Participation in decision making. Then, in terms of the stages of Development of Drinking Water Facilities, it was found based on the items; a) manpower, b) financing, c) materials, and d) thoughts. Furthermore, the supporting factors for the level of community participation consist of factors of ability, willingness, and opportunity. Furthermore, the factors that hinder the low community participation in drinking water management in Langam village include; individual nature factors, economy, age, and education. The implementation of the management of drinking water facilities is carried out in 3 stages, namely: 1) In operating services, the form of community participation is in the form of financing and manpower for the operation of machine operations. 2) Community participation in maintaining drinking water facilities in the form of energy, materials and thoughts during routine cleaning, monitoring water networks, draining sedimentation wells, and cleaning reservoirs. 3) Community participation in repairs in the form of manpower, financing, materials and thoughts such as repairing leaking pipes and others, cleaning machines together. Keywords: Community, Participatory, and Management

Progress in improving the quality and quantity of water used by people in rural areas of the developing world has been unsatisfactory in two respects: (1) supplies that have been built are frequently neither used correctly nor properly maintained and (2) extension of improved service to unserved populations has been slow. Though this poor record is not the result of a single factor, a major impediment to improved performance is inadequate information on the response of consumers to new service options. The behavioral assumptions that typically underlie most rural water supply planning efforts are simple. It is commonly assumed that so long as financial requirements do not exceed 5% of income, rural consumers will choose to abandon their existing water supply in favor of the "improved" system. Several reviews by the World Bank, bilateral donors, and water supply agencies in developing countries have shown, however, that this simple model of behavioral response to improved water supplies has usually proved incorrect.1 In rural areas many of those "served" by new systems have chosen to continue with their traditional water use practices.

Drinking water vulnerability in rural coastal areas of Bangladesh during and after natural extreme events

Drinking water management in Canada is complex, with a decentralized, three-tiered governance structure responsible for safe drinking water throughout the country. The current approach has been described as fragmented, leading to governance gaps, duplication of efforts, and an absence of accountability and enforcement. Although there have been no major waterborne disease outbreaks in Canada since 2001, a lack of performance improvement, especially in small drinking water systems, is evident. The World Health Organization water safety plan approach for drinking water management represents an alternative preventative management framework to the current conventional, reactive drinking water management strategies. This approach has seen successful implementation throughout the world and has the potential to address many of the issues with drinking water management in Canada. This paper presents a review and strengths-weaknesses-opportunities-threats analysis of drinking water management and governance in Canada at the federal, provincial/territorial, and municipal levels. Based on this analysis, a modified water safety plan (defined as the plan-do-check-act (PDCA)-WSP framework) is proposed, established from water safety plan recommendations and the principles of PDCA for continuous performance improvement. This proposed framework is designed to strengthen current drinking water management in Canada and is designed to fit within and incorporate the existing governance structure.

The coastal region of Bangladesh is significantly influenced by soil and water salinity, which is further exacerbated by the increasing frequency of tropical cyclones and rising sea levels. Understanding the extent of salinity and its challenges is crucial for promoting sustainable agriculture and ensuring access to safe drinking water. Using quantitative (soil and water parameters) and qualitative (focus group discussion and key informant interview) data, we investigated (i) soil and water salinity and soil nutrient contents; and (ii) adaptive practices in agriculture and drinking water management in three sub-districts (Assasuni, Dacope and Morrelganj) in the southwestern coastal region of Bangladesh. Results show that soil salinity levels did not significantly differ among the sub-districts, with Assasuni having slightly higher soil salinity (8.24 dS m-1) compared to Dacope (8.08 dS m-1) and Morrelganj (7.96 dS m-1). Significant differences were observed in the salinity level of pond and canal water among the sub-districts, with Assasuni having the highest levels of salinity in both pond (13.98 dS m-1) and canal water (77.85 dS m-1), compared to other sub-districts. Soil and water salinity were the major challenges reported by the respondents; however, climate-induced stresses (e.g., untimely precipitation) and outbreaks of pests during droughts have been identified as prominent issues in sustainable agriculture. Rainwater harvesting has been identified as a viable adaptive technique in drinking water management, offering a feasible solution to address water and soil salinity. The study underscores the importance of implementing adaptive practices (e.g., rainwater harvesting) to address water scarcity and salinity issues in the coastal region and promote resilient agricultural systems.

Abstract: Relation Of Drinking Water Management And Household Food With Diarrhea Occurrence. In Kalimantan Selatan, Kabupaten Hulu Sungai Tengah, Kecamatan Batang Alai Utara, Public Health Center of Ilung is spread of diarrhea. By 2015, the prevalence of diarrhea occurrence in Kecamatan Batang Alai Utara is 2.85% and 2.7% (2016). However, the coverage of access to clean water is only about 28%. Report of KKN Labunganak Village RW. 01 Kecamatan Batang Alai Utara, 67% is not carried out water purification in any way by the community, so it is still possible to be a media water borne disease. In the management of household food, only 13% of food is stored in closed shelves / cabinets, so it can become a food borne disease medium.The purpose of this study was to determine the relation between drinking water and household food management with diarrhea occurrence in the working area Public Health Center of Ilung, Kecamatan Batang Alai Utara. The type of research is observational in the form of analytic, research design that is retrospective approach (case control study). The results showed that there was no relation between drinking water management (p value = 0,300> α = 0,05) and household food (p value = 1,000> α = 0,05) with diarrhea occurrence. It is recommended for further investigators to examine other risk factors as causes of diarrhea and can be continued by examining the different communities as control groups .

Decreasing groundwater recharge and competing water uses challenge drinking water supplies worldwide and noticeably in Germany as well. Groundwater is a significant source of drinking water, making it essential to maintain its quality and quantity. In Germany, about 74% of drinking water originates from groundwater. However, various stress factors significantly affect the quality and quantity of the groundwater resource. The combined effects of climate change and diverse physical and social factors pose a central challenge for current and future drinking water supply. To address this challenge, a good understanding of the varieties of situations needs to support tools and decision-making frameworks to manage groundwater sustainably and ensure resilient drinking water. This study conducts a nationwide spatial analysis of various influencing factors. It focuses primarily on drinking water protection areas used for agriculture, examining their natural and hydro-climatic characteristics and changes, and the nitrate pollution they experience due to agricultural activities. Currently, Germany has around 11270 designated drinking water protection areas, of which 84 % are used for agriculture. We create a unique dataset for them. This spatial dataset quantifies numerous potential characteristics and stress factors for each of the (n) drinking water protection areas. These factors include groundwater recharge rates, drought response times, agricultural usage, nitrate pollution, aquifer type, and more. Applying clustering methods to the n x m matrix data helps to identify typical situations for drinking water supply. By considering three dimensions—drinking water extraction/hydrogeology, nitrate pollution, and drought vulnerability we aim to characterize and depict diverse situations across Germany while determining broader trends. Achieving sustainable drinking water management requires a systematic analysis of the heterogeneous natural, political-regulatory, and agro-economic conditions to identify transferable success factors. Building on this study with model developments in the "LURCH-StressRes" project, we later aim to develop transferable stress tests for the identified typical situations across Germany to inform adaptation and best practices for achieving sustainable nationwide drinking water management.

Smart water management, driven by the integration of photovoltaic (PV)- powered pumps and the Internet of Things (IoT), represents a revolutionary approach to address the challenges of sustainable water resource management. This chapter explores the concept of "Smart Water Management: PV-Powered Pumps and IoT Integration," highlighting the transformative potential of combining solar energy with intelligent data-driven decision-making in water pumping systems. The chapter begins by tracing the evolution of water management practices, emphasizing the need for more sustainable and efficient approaches in the face of increasing water demands, population growth, and climate change. According to the United Nations World Water Development Report 2021, an estimated 2.2 billion people lack access to safely managed drinking water services, underscoring the urgency of sustainable water management solutions. It then focuses on the advantages of PV-powered pumps over conventional fossil fuel-based alternatives, including reduced carbon emissions, cost- effectiveness, and energy independence. Advancements in PV technology and its potential applications in smart water management are also discussed. The World Health Organization estimates that around 485,000 people die each year from diarrhea, primarily due to unsafe drinking water and poor sanitation, highlighting the need for improved water quality monitoring and management. The pivotal role of the Internet of Things in smart water management is explored, highlighting how IoT integrationelevates water pumping systems to new levels of intelligence and efficiency. Real- time data collection, remote monitoring, predictive maintenance, and adaptive control mechanisms empower stakeholders with valuable insights for optimizing water usage and ensuring system reliability. Efficient water distribution and consumption, critical elements of smart water management, are addressed through IoT-enabled sensors and data analytics. Case studies demonstrate successful implementations of IoT-driven smart water distribution projects across various sectors. The chapter also delves into how IoT- enabled water quality monitoring enhances safety and supports environmental conservation efforts. Smart water management's impact on resilience and disaster management is examined, showcasing its ability to facilitate rapid response and recovery during emergencies. A study by the International Energy Agency (IEA) indicates that the deployment of solar PV for water pumping applications has the potential to save around3.6 billion liters of diesel fuel and avoid nearly 10 million tonnes of CO2emissions annually by 2030.Furthermore, the integration of PV-powered pumps with urban infrastructure and smart grids is explored to optimize water resources and enhance sustainable urban water management. The United Nations projects that by 2050, 68% of the world's population will reside in urban areas, further exacerbating water challenges. Smart water management powered by PV and IoT technologies offers a scalable and efficient approach to address the growing water demands of urbanization. The chapter concludes by discussing the policy and governance aspects necessary for scaling up smart water management practices. Regulatory frameworks, incentives, and public-private partnerships play a crucial role in fostering widespread adoption of PV-powered pumps and IoT integration for sustainable water management. In summary, "Smart Water Management: PV-Powered Pumps and IoT Integration" holds the promise of transforming water management practices. Leveraging solar energy and intelligent data-driven decision-making, smart water management enhances efficiency, conserves water resources, and mitigates environmental impact. Embracing this paradigm shift is vital in ensuring water security and resilience in the face of global water challenges and environmental concerns.

PurposeThe aim of this research is to analyse the literature on drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore, considering water supply, institutional organisation and management, and rates so as to propose recommendations for improvement in the water management of the Mexico City.Design/methodology/approachThe preferred reporting items for systematic reviews and meta-analysis (PRISMA) methodology is used to review the literature on drinking water management in Mexico City and Singapore in time periods from 1325 to 2021 and from 1819 to 2021, respectively, emphasising the contemporary part. The information search was realised through different prestigious databases and official documents from the governments of Mexico and Singapore, as well as international organisations. After analysing, 40 documents were included to discuss the results.FindingsThere is a contrast between water management in Singapore and Mexico City because Singapore has strong institutions coordinated with each other along with the private and social sectors and has efficient fundraising and infrastructure investment systems. Although they are cities that developed in different circumstances, a comparison between them allowed to glimpse some aspects that may be useful to replicate in Mexico City.Originality/valueThis research is novel because there is no comparative analysis like the one presented in the literature, so it is suggested to continue delving into the topics covered in future research to have more elements that allow improving drinking water management in Mexico City.

Access to safe drinking water is essential to human life and wellbeing, and is a key public health issue. However, many communities in rural and regional parts of Australia are unable to access drinking water that meets national standards for protecting human health. The aim of this research was to identify the key issues in and barriers to the provision and management of safe drinking water in rural Tasmania, Australia. Semi-structured interviews were conducted with key local government employees and public health officials responsible for management of drinking water in rural Tasmania. Participants were asked about their core public health duties, regulatory responsibilities, perceptions and management of risk, as well as the key barriers that may be affecting the provision of safe drinking water. This research highlights the effect of rural locality on management and safety of fresh water in protecting public health. The key issues contributing to problems with drinking water provision and quality identified by participants included: poor and inadequate water supply infrastructure; lack of resources and staffing; inadequate catchment monitoring; and the effect of competing land uses, such as forestry, on water supply quality. This research raises issues of inequity in the provision of safe drinking water in rural communities. It highlights not only the increasing need for greater funding by state and commonwealth government for basic services such as drinking water, but also the importance of an holistic and integrated approach to managing drinking water resources in rural Tasmania.

In Canada, the provinces have primary responsibility for water management, including drinking water management; the federal government has comparatively more limited water-related responsibilities. Currently, Canada does not have a harmonized federal drinking water strategy or law (although it does have non-binding guidelines); thus provinces have developed different approaches to drinking water management. In this study, key features of the current regulatory frameworks for microbial testing in drinking water quality management are examined in Canada’s three most populous provinces – British Columbia, Ontario and Quebec. Salient regulatory features including the types of drinking water samples, water quality standards, testing frequency and system size are described and compared. Distinct differences were found in provincial approaches to drinking water quality assessment, and microbial water quality management is variable not only among, but also within, provinces. This finding of inter- and intra-province variability in drinking water quality management shows that these three provinces are approaching similar challenges in different ways. In turn, these different approaches demonstrate that regulatory frameworks can be adapted in response to drinking water management challenges. Regulatory frameworks should be flexible and adaptable to new knowledge and scientific developments, such as molecular testing methods, in order to facilitate their translation into water management tools.

One of the main needs of humans is drinking water. Every operation of drinking water that is produced must be safe for health if it meets the physical requirements and other parameters that measure whether the water is safe or not when consumed by the public.This study aims to determ ine the factors related to access to safe drinking water in the Ogan Komering Ulu District Health Office Work Area in 2021. The research design used was cross sectional. This research was conducted in the area of the Health Office of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency in March - July 2021. The population in this study was all access to drinking water at the Environmental Health Inspection in the Work Area of the Health Office of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency with a sample of 98 respondents.This study shows that there are 58 accesses to safe drinking water. Based on the bivariate analysis, it was found that there was a relationship between drinking water management (p value = 0.000), as well as containers before processing and ready-to-drink storage containers (p value = 0.000) with Access to Safe Drinking Water. Water in the Work Area of the Health Office of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency in 2021. Multivariately, the dominant variable with access to drinking water is the container for pre-processed and ready-to-drink water containers (p value = 0.004) and exp (B) of 6.568. The conclusion from these results, that there is a significant relationship with access to safe drinking water is drinking water facilities (59,2%), drinking water management (43.9%), sanitation and drinking water hygiene (58.2%), containers storage before processing and ready-to-drink water storage containers (33.7%) This study suggests that the Health Office of Ogan Komering Ulu Regency can increase knowledge by way of counseling and public health seminars, especially