Abstract
This chapter describes the impact of giant multimedia conglomerates on internet services and applications. It first considers the media conglomerates that had dominated the political economy of communications and that now continued to help structure its capital logic. In particular, it looks at the competition presented not only by broadband and mobile internet operators but also by well-financed outsiders and upstarts such as Google and Facebook. It then examines three possible forms of revenue generation for communications and media beyond financing by venture capital and the sale of stock: direct payments, advertising, and noncommercial support, either through governmental or philanthropic finance or voluntary donations. The chapter concludes with a discussion of changes in specific media industries such as the book publishing industry, e-book industry, television industry, music industry, and film industry.
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