Abstract
The purpose of this study was to determine serum levels of sleep-related cytokines in patients with rotator cuff tear (RCT) who were experiencing pain-related sleep disturbance. Peripheral blood samples before surgery were collected from 63 study participants and divided into three groups: RCT with sleep disturbance group; SD group (n = 21), RCT with normal sleep group; NS group (n = 21), and patients with chronic shoulder instability; control group (n = 21). Serum concentration levels of interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-2, IL-6, IL-8, IL-10, and tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) were measured via ELISA. The associations between serum levels of sleep-related cytokines and clinical scores and the Pittsburgh Sleep Quality Index (PSQI) were analyzed. Serum concentration levels of TNF-α were significantly higher in the SD group compared with those of the NS and control groups (p = < 0.001 and 0.05). Serum levels of IL-8 and IL-10 were significantly higher in the SD group compared with those of control group (p = 0.01 and = 0.05), but did not differ significantly from that of the NS group. There were no associations between serum levels of sleep-related cytokines and all clinical scores. The current findings suggest that TNF-α may be associated with sleep disturbance in patients with RCT.
Highlights
Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is the most common cause of shoulder pain and functional disability leading to a considerable socioeconomic burden [1,2]
It has been widely reported that bursitis of the subacromial space (SAS) and synovitis of the glenohumeral joint (GHJ) both play a role in the development of shoulder pain in patients with RCT and that the severity correlates with the pain intensity [4,5,6,7]
Previous findings indicate that inflammatory mediators such as interleukin-1α (IL-1α), IL-1β, IL-6, IL-8, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), cyclooxygenase (COX)-1, and COX-2 play an important role in inflammation and pain due to RCT [3,4,5,6,7,8]
Summary
Rotator cuff tear (RCT) is the most common cause of shoulder pain and functional disability leading to a considerable socioeconomic burden [1,2]. Intrinsic and extrinsic processes have been suggested as the underlying cause of RCT, the exact etiology and pathophysiology leading to the disease remain controversial [3]. Several studies have reported that clinical symptoms and disease progression are involved in overexpression of proinflammatory and pain-related cytokines in the shoulder joint, including subacromial bursa, joint capsule, and joint fluid [3,4,5,6,7,8]. Night pain is a common symptom in patients with shoulder problems including RCT, frozen shoulder, and osteoarthritis [9,10]. The etiology and pathophysiology for the occurrence of night pain and sleep disturbance in these patients remain largely unknown
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