Abstract
The use of tumor markers for assessing prognosis and treatment response in breast cancer has been investigated in clinical trials. Carcinoembryonic antigen, the MUC-1 gene product, and the HER-2/neu extracellular domain are serum markers that have been found to be useful in assessing response to hormonal therapy and chemotherapy in patients with metastatic breast cancer. Likewise, tissue markers such as Ki-67, the estrogen and progesterone receptors, and HER-2/neu have been found to be useful in assessing prognosis in patients with breast cancer. A variety of other tissue markers, including oncogenes, tumor suppressor genes, markers of angiogenesis, and proteins associated with the invasive phenotype, are under investigation for their potential utility in assessing prognosis and treatment response in breast cancer. Similar applications can be envisioned for assays that detect cancer cells in the peripheral circulation and micrometastases in the bone marrow. Tumor markers are also being used to detect micrometastases in bone marrow and cancer cells in circulating blood.
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