Seroprevalence study of paratuberculosis: Johne's disease, a neglected infection in dairy herds in Apulia (southern Italy)

Prevalence of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds in Northern Antioquia (Colombia) and associated risk factors using environmental sampling

Simple SummaryParatuberculosis remains one of the most important diseases of cattle worldwide. Control of disease is difficult and offers important challenges at both diagnostic and management levels. This paper describes a study aimed at quantification of expert opinion on risk factors for paratuberculosis infection in dairy herds in Spain. For this purpose, a panel of nine experts working in the field of paratuberculosis was selected. Risk factors were also included into a questionnaire that was responded to by 93 farms whose sanitary status was known. The most important risk factors for the introduction of MAP, according to expert opinions, were related to purchase and grazing practices. The scores obtained for each farm, based on the expert opinions, allowed MAP positive/MAP negative farms to be discriminated with 68.8% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity. Despite increased awareness of the disease and the fact that several countries are implementing control programs, there is still incomplete understanding of the epidemiology of the disease. This, together with the lack of completely reliable diagnostic methods, makes it of vital importance considering the inter-herd transmission factors in order to prevent the introduction of the disease. Prioritizing the most important factors should be useful for focusing future training initiatives and improving risk-reduction strategies in this economically important industry.This study aimed at quantifying expert opinions on the risk factors involved in Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) infection in dairy cattle herds. For this purpose, potential risk factors associated with the introduction of MAP into dairies were chosen based on a literature review and discussions with researchers and veterinarians. For each factor, a decision tree was developed, and key questions were included in each. Answers to these key questions led to different events within each decision tree. An expert opinion workshop was organized (following the recommendations of the OIE), and ordinal values ranging from 0 to 9 (i.e., a null to very high likelihood of infection) were assigned to each event. The potential risk factors were also incorporated into a structured questionnaire that was responded to by 93 farms where the sanitary status against MAP was known. Thereby, based on the values given by the experts and the information collected in the questionnaires, each farm was assigned a score based on their MAP entry risk. From these scores (contrast variable) and using a ROC curve, the cut-off that best discriminated MAP-positive and -negative farms was estimated. The most important risk factors for the introduction of MAP, according to expert opinions, involved purchase and grazing practices related to animals under six months of age. The scores obtained for each farm, also based on the expert opinions, allowed MAP positive/MAP negative farms to be discriminated with 68.8% sensitivity and 68.7% specificity. These data should be useful for focusing future training initiatives and improving risk-reduction strategies in the dairy industry.

Environmental contamination with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis in endemically infected dairy herds

The present study aimed to determine Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) prevalence according to environmental samples and to explore the herd-level risk factors associated to MAP infection in dairy herds under mechanical milking parlor and pasture grazing-based systems. The study herds (n= 94) were located in 60 districts from five municipalities in the Northern region of the province of Antioquia, Colombia. Herds were visited once in 2016 to collect two composite environmental samples and to complete a risk assessment questionnaire. MAP identification was carried out using a quantitative real-time PCR method based on the IS900 sequence. A herd was considered as MAP-positive if one or both of the environmental samples were found positive by the molecular technique. The information on risk factors was analyzed using a multivariable logistic regression model. The apparent herd-level prevalence found was 14.9 % (14/94; 95 % CI: 7.7-22.1), ranging from 0 to 33.3 % at municipality-level. Herds where other than Pure-Holstein breeds were predominant (i.e. Jersey, Jersey crossbreeds) were more likely to be MAP-qPCR positively infected than those on which where pure-Holstein cattle was predominant (OR=3.7; 95 % CI: 1.1-15.2). The present study reports MAP prevalence in dairy herds in the province of Antioquia (Colombia), and the association between MAP environmental positivity with the predominant breed in the herd.

Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants, which has important health consequences for dairy cattle. The Regional Dairy Quality Management Alliance (RDQMA) project is a multistate research program involving MAP isolates taken from three intensively studied commercial dairy farms in the northeastern United States, which emphasized longitudinal data collection of both MAP isolates and animal health in three regional dairy herds for a period of about 7 years. This paper reports the results of a pan-GWAS analysis involving 318 MAP isolates and dairy cow Johne's disease phenotypes, taken from these three farms. Based on our highly curated accessory gene count the pan-GWAS analysis identified several MAP genes associated with bovine Johne's disease phenotypes scored from these three farms, with some of the genes having functions suggestive of possible cause/effect relationships to these phenotypes. This paper reports a pan-genomic comparative analysis between MAP and Mycobacterium tuberculosis, assessing functional Gene Ontology category enrichments between these taxa. Finally, we also provide a population genomic perspective on the effectiveness of herd isolation, involving closed dairy farms, in preventing MAP inter-farm cross infection on a micro-geographic scale.IMPORTANCE Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP) is the causative agent of Johne's disease in ruminants, which has important health consequences for dairy cattle, and enormous economic consequences for the dairy industry. Understanding which genes in this bacterium are correlated with key disease phenotypes can lead to functional experiments targeting these genes and ultimately lead to improved control strategies. This study represents a rare example of a prolonged longitudinal study of dairy cattle where the disease was measured and the bacteria were isolated from the same cows. The genome sequences of over 300 MAP isolates were analyzed for genes that were correlated with a wide range of Johne's disease phenotypes. A number of genes were identified that were significantly associated with several aspects of the disease and suggestive of further experimental follow-up.

Paratuberculosis (PTB) is a chronic intestinal disease affecting ruminants and somenon-ruminants, caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP). In the Sudan, published data on the incidence and prevalence of PTB are Limited. we detected MAP in human patients with gastrointestinal complaints highlights its zoonotic potential and raises public health concerns. This study aimed at assessing PTB prevalence in cattle and identifying risk factors for MAP infection as well as investigating the phylogeny of MAP circulating in the Sudan. Both serum and faecal samples were collected from the same individual animals of 810 cattle in 153 herds in five states spanning three regions (Southern, Northern, and Central) of the country. ELISA was used to detect MAP antibodies in sera, while faecal samples were tested for MAP DNA using a recombinase aided amplification (RAA) assay and cultured for MAP isolation followed by partial sequencing of MAP insertion sequence 1311 with subsequent phylogeny analysis. At the animal level, the apparent prevalence was 5.0% for ELISA and 4.2% for RAA, with true prevalence estimates of 8.5% and 4.8%, respectively. At the herd level, apparent prevalence was 28.2% for ELISA and 22.3% for RAA, while true prevalence reached 54.2% for ELISA and 24.9% for RAA. Significant (P < 0.05) risk factors for MAP infection included exposure to wild animals and high rainfall. Phylogenetic analysis of the Sudanese MAP isolates revealed close relatedness to type S (I/III) strains worldwide suggesting a shared evolutionary origin. The present study provides baseline data on PTB prevalence and risk factors in Sudanese cattle, emphasising the role of environmental and management factors in disease dynamics. These findings highlight the necessity of adopting targeted control strategies to reduce MAP impact on cattle and other animals as well as to prevent its potential public health hazard.

To determine the farm economic impact of bovine Johne's disease (BJD) infection and controls in commercial Victorian dairy herds. Benefit-cost analysis of BJD and various control methods in a Victorian dairy herd. Farm losses from BJD occurred from clinical disease. Clinical cases occur on average in 5-year-old cows, resulting in losses of A$1895 in the year of culling and A$221 in the year preceding culling, giving a total loss of A$2116. Early removal also resulted in loss of future profit equating to A$375 per year. This is the annualised value of foregone future income and costs expressed as a net present value (NPV). The total loss from removal of a clinical case was estimated as A$2491. The average clinical incidence in infected dairy herds prior to entry into the Victorian Bovine Johne's Test-and-Control Program (TCP) was 1.8% and the average Victorian dairy herd size was 262 cows in 2013-14, resulting in annual losses of 4.7 clinical cases if infected and implementing no BJD control. Farm annual loss of profit was estimated as A$11,748 ($44.84 per cow/year). Control of BJD using vaccination, test-and-cull or combined approaches was economical but the cost of implementation in initial years would exceed disease costs. Vaccination-based control provided minimal long-term losses and was the most cost-effective control over a 10-year planning horizon. Endemic BJD resulted in modest but persistent losses in typical infected dairy herds. Control of disease using test-and-cull, vaccination or combined test-and-cull with vaccination was cost-effective.

Bayesian estimation of prevalence of Johne’s disease in dairy herds in Southern Italy

Modeling of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis dynamics in a dairy herd: An individual based approach

T and B cell activation profiles from cows with and without Johne’s disease in response to in vitro stimulation with Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis

Paratuberculosis is a chronic incurable disease caused by Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis (MAP), which leads to extensive economic losses on dairy farms, and may also pose serious public health risk to the consumers. The aim of our study was to estimate the true prevalence of paratuberculosis in commercial dairy cattle herds participating in a voluntary MAP testing programme that started in February 2018 in Hungary. Milk samples collected during official milk recording were used for MAP ELISA testing. A Bayesian two-stage hierarchical (herd and animal level) model was fitted to the data. Altogether, 26,437 cows from 51 herds were sampled, which represents 14.4 % of the Hungarian dairy cow population. The median herd size was 477 cows (interquartile range: 331–709). Each studied farm had at least one ELISA positive cow, resulting in a herd-level apparent prevalence of 100 %. The overall within herd apparent prevalence was 5.5 %. Herd-level true prevalence was estimated at 89.1 % [95 % credible interval (CrI): 80.3–95.6%]. Within the infected herds, the median animal-level true prevalence was 4.4 % (3.2–5.8%) for primiparous and 10.3 % (7.9–12.9%) for multiparous cows, respectively. The probability of having an animal-level true prevalence of at least 5% among primiparous cows, within infected herds, was 17.8 %. Similarly, the probability of having an animal-level true prevalence of at least 5% or 10 % among multiparous cows was 100 % and 56 %, respectively. Simulations assuming herd-level true prevalence varying from 50 to 100 % revealed high accuracy of our Bayesian model. Our study showed that a large percentage of the studied Hungarian dairy cattle herds was infected with MAP.

Detection of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis in the saliva of dairy cows: A pilot study

Event Abstract Back to Event Effect of Dexamethasone, LPS, or INFγ on the production of TNFα, IL-12, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CLC3, by bovine macrophages infected in vitro with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis. René Ramírez-García1, Mauricio Rojas2, Beatriz Peña-Arboleda3 and Juan G. Maldonado-Estrada4* 1 Universidad CES, Veterinary Medicine, Colombia 2 Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo de Inmunología Celular e Inmunogenética, Instituto de Investigaciones Médicas, Facultad de Medicina, Universidad de Antioquia UdeA, Calle 70 No. 52-21, Medellín, Colombia, Colombia 3 Universidad de Antioquia, Grupo Reproducción, Colombia 4 University of Antioquia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Colombia In this study primary monocyte-derived macrophages from bovine were used for intracellular proliferation of Mycobacterium avium subespeceis paratuberculosis (MAP) in vitro. Macrophages derived from peripheral blood monocyte (MDM) from a donor negative for the IS900 Map specific sequence, were infected with a reference MAP strain at a Dose of infection (DOI) of 5:1 during 2 h. The MDM were then incubated with IFNγ (3x106 U/500 ul), LPS (10 ng/ml), Dexamethasone (1 ug/ml) or medium alone / 24 h. After infection the MDM were evaluated at 0, 6, 72 and 120 h after culture for detecting proliferation of MAP by amplification of the IS900 fragment by real-time PCR. The production of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL6, IL12, and TNFα), anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL10), and chemokines (CXCL 8, CXCL10, and CCL3) in culture supernatants during each period of incubation was performed by Luminex. Data were analyzed by Tukey test. The amplification of the IS900 segment was detected in MDM after infection at each time of incubation regardless of the stimulus (P>0.05). MDM that were treated with Dexamethasone did show reduced production of TNF-α (at 72 and 120h), IL-6 (at 120h) and CCL3 (at 72 and 120h), but showed increased production of IL12 and IP10 (at 120h) (P<0.01). MDM that were treated with IFNγ did produced significantly more TNF-α (at 6 y 72h), IL-12 (at 120h), and IP-10 (at 72 and 120h) (P <0.01). MDM that were treated with LPS did produce significantly more TNF-α (at 6 and 72h), IL-12 and IP10 (at 120h) (P <0.01). Discussion In this work we provide evidence on the multiplication of MAP in primary MDM obtained from bovine negative to infection by MAP. In addition, the effect of three factors affecting the microenvironment of the macrophages in vivo was tested in vitro. These factors are commonly related to stress (Dexamethasone), infection (LPS) or a Th1 immune response (IFN-γ). Moreover, the profile of MAP proliferation in MDM infected in vitro was similar in control MDM compared to MDM stimulated with Dexamethasone. Glucocorticoids (GC) can exert its effects on macrophages cultured in vitro depending on the dose: at low doses (nanomolar range) GC can induce increased adhesion, chimiotaxis, phagocytosis and cytokine production, whereas at high doses (micromolar range) it can induce immunosupression (Zhou et al, 2010). In our study we used GC in a range of doses causing immussupresion, a fact that could explain the capability of MDM treated with Dexamethasone to allow a greater MAP proliferation when it was compared to MDM treated with IFN-γ or LPS. In this work proliferation of MAP in primary bovine MDM was evidenced, as it was the ability of infection by MAP to modify the functional profile of cytokine production by these macrophages. The infected MDM were viable at least until the final time of evaluation at 120 h post-infection. Anti-inflammatory cytokines (IL-10) and proinflammatory (TNF-α, IL-6, and IL-12), as well as chemiokines (CXCL8, CCL3, and CXCL10), were quantified in MDM supernatants. In summary, the results of our study show that primary bovine MDM can become infected by MAP in vitro and can survive after the infection at leas up to 120 h. These MDM were viable as evidenced by their production of cytokines and cemokines. They were also able to maintain an active multiplication of MAP as it was evidenced by the results on the amplification of the IS900 fragment by real-time PCR results. Further studies are requiered for studying the relationship between the cytokine and chemokines tested in this work and the way they control or allow MAP survival in vitro. Acknowledgements Authors thank´s Vicerrectoría de Investigación at University of Antioquia for financial support (Mediana cuantía 2007, Sostenibilidad 2014-2015). Special thanks to Dr. Carlos Muskus and PECET Research Group at University of Antioquia, to University CES, Colombian Institute for Tropical Medicine (ICMT) and Giovanny Torres for technical support in real-time PCR. 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Regulation of expression of major histocompatibility antigens by bovine macrophages infected with Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis or Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. Infect. Immun. 69:1002-1008. Weiss, D.J., Evanson, O.A., Moritz, A., Deng, M.Q., Abrahamsen, M.S. (2002). Differential responses of bovine macrophages to Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis and Mycobacterium avium subsp. avium. Infect. Immun. 70:5556–5561. Weiss, D.J., Evanson, O.A., Souza, C.D. (2006). Mucosal immune response in cattle with subclinical Johne’s disease. Vet. Pathol. 43:127–35. Weiss, D.J., Souza, C.D. (2008). Review paper: Modulation of Mononuclear Phagocyte Function by Mycobacterium avium subsp. Paratuberculosis. Vet. Pathol. 45:829–841. Woo, S.R., Czuprynski, C.J. (2008). Tactics of Mycobacterium avium subsp. paratuberculosis for intracellular survival in mononuclear phagocytes. J. Vet. Sci. 9:1-8. Zapata-Restrepo, M., Arroyave-Henao, O., Ramírez-García, R., Piedrahita-Ochoa, C., Rodas-González, J.D., Maldonado-Estrada, J.G. (2010). Identification of Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis by PCR techniques and establishment of control programs for bovine paratuberculosis in a dairy herds. Rev. Colomb. Cienc. Pecu. 23:17-27. Zen, M., Canova, M., Campana, C., Bettio, S., Nalotto, L., Rampudda, M., Ramonda, R., Laccarino, L., Doria, A. (2011). The kaleidoscope of glucorticoid effects on immune system. Autoimmunity Rev. 10:305-310. Keywords: bovine macrophages, Bovine Paratuberculosis, Chemokines, Intracellular cytokines, intracellular pathogens Conference: IMMUNOCOLOMBIA2015 - 11th Congress of the Latin American Association of Immunology - 10o. Congreso de la Asociación Colombiana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología, Medellin, Colombia, 13 Oct - 16 Oct, 2015. Presentation Type: Oral Presentation Topic: Veterinary and Comparative Immunology Citation: Ramírez-García R, Rojas M, Peña-Arboleda B and Maldonado-Estrada JG (2015). Effect of Dexamethasone, LPS, or INFγ on the production of TNFα, IL-12, IL-6, IL-10, CXCL8, CXCL10, and CLC3, by bovine macrophages infected in vitro with Mycobacterium avium paratuberculosis.. Front. Immunol. Conference Abstract: IMMUNOCOLOMBIA2015 - 11th Congress of the Latin American Association of Immunology - 10o. Congreso de la Asociación Colombiana de Alergia, Asma e Inmunología. doi: 10.3389/conf.fimmu.2015.05.00329 Copyright: The abstracts in this collection have not been subject to any Frontiers peer review or checks, and are not endorsed by Frontiers. They are made available through the Frontiers publishing platform as a service to conference organizers and presenters. The copyright in the individual abstracts is owned by the author of each abstract or his/her employer unless otherwise stated. Each abstract, as well as the collection of abstracts, are published under a Creative Commons CC-BY 4.0 (attribution) licence (https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/) and may thus be reproduced, translated, adapted and be the subject of derivative works provided the authors and Frontiers are attributed. For Frontiers’ terms and conditions please see https://www.frontiersin.org/legal/terms-and-conditions. Received: 01 Jun 2015; Published Online: 15 Sep 2015. * Correspondence: Dr. Juan G Maldonado-Estrada, University of Antioquia, School of Veterinary Medicine, Medellin, Antioquia, 050031, Colombia, juan.maldonado@udea.edu.co Login Required This action requires you to be registered with Frontiers and logged in. To register or login click here. Abstract Info Abstract The Authors in Frontiers René Ramírez-García Mauricio Rojas Beatriz Peña-Arboleda Juan G Maldonado-Estrada Google René Ramírez-García Mauricio Rojas Beatriz Peña-Arboleda Juan G Maldonado-Estrada Google Scholar René Ramírez-García Mauricio Rojas Beatriz Peña-Arboleda Juan G Maldonado-Estrada PubMed René Ramírez-García Mauricio Rojas Beatriz Peña-Arboleda Juan G Maldonado-Estrada Related Article in Frontiers Google Scholar PubMed Abstract Close Back to top Javascript is disabled. Please enable Javascript in your browser settings in order to see all the content on this page.

A screening sampling plan to detect Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis-positive dairy herds

Longitudinal infection data on Mycobacterium avium subspecies paratuberculosis (MAP) was collected on three dairy farms in Northeastern United States during approximately 10 years. Precise data on animal characteristics and animal location within farm were collected on these farms. Cows were followed over time with regard to MAP status during biannual fecal and serum sampling and quarterly serum sampling. Approximately 13 000 serum samples, 6500 fecal samples and 2000 tissue samples were collected during these years. Prevalence of positive samples was 1.4% for serological samples, 2.2% in fecal samples and 16.7% in tissue samples. Infection dynamics of MAP was studied and resulted in a number of potential changes in our understanding of MAP infection dynamics. First, a high prevalence of MAP infection was observed in these herds due to lifetime follow up of cows, including slaughter. Second, two distinctly different infection patterns were observed, so called non-progressors and progressors. Non-progressors were characterized by intermittent and low shedding of MAP bacteria and a virtual absence of a humoral immune response. Progressors were characterized by continuous and progressive shedding and a clearly detectable and progressive humoral immune response. Strain typing of MAP isolates on the three farms identified on two of three farms a dominant strain type, indicating that some strains are more successful in terms of transmission and infection progression. Continuous high quality longitudinal data collection turned out to be an essential tool in our understanding of pathobiology and epidemiology of MAP infections in dairy herds.